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Review
.2016 Feb;138(2):021004.
doi: 10.1115/1.4032188.

Single-Cell Migration in Complex Microenvironments: Mechanics and Signaling Dynamics

Review

Single-Cell Migration in Complex Microenvironments: Mechanics and Signaling Dynamics

Michael Mak et al. J Biomech Eng.2016 Feb.

Abstract

Cells are highly dynamic and mechanical automata powered by molecular motors that respond to external cues. Intracellular signaling pathways, either chemical or mechanical, can be activated and spatially coordinated to induce polarized cell states and directional migration. Physiologically, cells navigate through complex microenvironments, typically in three-dimensional (3D) fibrillar networks. In diseases, such as metastatic cancer, they invade across physiological barriers and remodel their local environments through force, matrix degradation, synthesis, and reorganization. Important external factors such as dimensionality, confinement, topographical cues, stiffness, and flow impact the behavior of migrating cells and can each regulate motility. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of single-cell migration in complex microenvironments.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Growth factors (GF), ECM ligand binding, or mechanical stimuli through integrins initiate an intracellular signaling cascade, which leads to regulation in actin and myosin activity. The molecules and interactions shown here are only a small selection of the full cascades, focusing on some key players which are necessary to regulate directed cell migration.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Time evolution of active Cdc42 on the membrane for two cells. The top row shows a symmetric cell which loses polarization quickly after an initial stimulus at the front. The cell in the bottom row, which is very thin in the center, stays permanently in a polarized state. Both cells have the same length (40 μm) and would hence appear identical in a 1D model, confirming that their 3D shape plays an important role in determining their polarization state. All simulations were performed with the 3D reaction–diffusion model described by Spill et al. [57].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Schematic of various signals in the 3D microenvironment. A cell migrating in physiological environments may be subject to numerous cues, including small pores that require deformation of the nucleus, aligned ECM fibers, interstitial flow through the porous ECM, and gradients of chemotactic factors (gradient profile).
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