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.2015 Nov;29(6):829-843.
doi: 10.1037/neu0000203. Epub 2015 May 4.

Neuropsychological performance in adolescent marijuana users with co-occurring alcohol use: A three-year longitudinal study

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Neuropsychological performance in adolescent marijuana users with co-occurring alcohol use: A three-year longitudinal study

Joanna Jacobus et al. Neuropsychology.2015 Nov.

Abstract

Objective: The effect of adolescent marijuana use on brain development remains unclear despite relaxing legal restrictions, decreased perceived harm, and increasing use rates among youth. The aim of this 3-year prospective study was to evaluate the long-term neurocognitive effects of adolescent marijuana use.

Method: Adolescent marijuana users with concomitant alcohol use (MJ + ALC, n = 49) and control teens with limited substance use histories (CON, n = 59) were given neuropsychological and substance use assessments at project baseline, when they were ages 16-19. They were then reassessed 18 and 36 months later. Changes in neuropsychological measures were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for lifetime alcohol use, and examined the effects of group, time, and group by time interactions on cognitive functioning.

Results: MJ + ALC users performed significantly worse than controls, across time points, in the domains of complex attention, memory, processing speed, and visuospatial functioning (ps <.05). Earlier age of marijuana use onset was associated with poorer processing speed and executive functioning by the 3-year follow-up (ps ≤.02).

Conclusions: Frequent marijuana use throughout adolescence and into young adulthood appeared linked to worsened cognitive performance. Earlier age of onset appears to be associated with poorer neurocognitive outcomes that emerge by young adulthood, providing further support for the notion that the brain may be uniquely sensitive to frequent marijuana exposure during the adolescent phase of neurodevelopment. Continued follow-up of adolescent marijuana users will determine the extent of neural recovery that may occur if use abates.

(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Substance use characteristics (N=108). Early and late refers to age of marijuana use initiation (early, < 16 years old,n=27; late, ≥16,n=22). *p<.05, MJ+ALC vs. CON. No significant differences observed between early and late MJ onset users (ps>.05)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Complex attention subtest performance. Raw scores presented for California Verbal Learning Test-II Trial 1, Digit Span Backwards and Total, and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Scaled scores presented for Arithmetic.ap<.05, group main effect or interaction;bp≤ .07, trend for group main effect or interaction; *p<.05, group effect at each time point. Means adjusted for lifetime alcohol use.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Verbal memory subtest performance. Scaled scores presented for Logical Memory I and II. Raw scores presented for Logical Memory Recognition.ap<.05, group main effect;bp≤ .07, trend for group main effect; *p<.05, group effect at each time point Means adjusted for lifetime alcohol use.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Processing speed and visuospatial subtest performance. Scaled scores presented for Digit Symbol Coding. Raw scores presented for Complex Figure data.ap<.05, group main effect or interaction;bp≤ .07, trend for group main effect or interaction; *p<.05, group effect at each time point. Means adjusted for lifetime alcohol use.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Average effect sizes (Cohen'sd, adjusted for lifetime alcohol use) for between-group comparisons (CON vs. MJ+ALC) over three years are presented for each subtest. Black (*) represents significant between group differences identified (see Table 3,p<.05); gray represents average effect sizes for non-significant findings (p>.05). Positive effect size represents CON>MJ+ALC.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Bivariate correlations with age of marijuana use onset (defined as >1x/week for 52 weeks) and Digit Symbol Coding (n=49) and Trail Making Test (TMT) conditions (n=47).
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