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.2014 Jan;174(1):110-129.
doi: 10.1111/boj.12117. Epub 2013 Dec 3.

Correlates of hyperdiversity in southern African ice plants (Aizoaceae)

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Correlates of hyperdiversity in southern African ice plants (Aizoaceae)

Luis M Valente et al. Bot J Linn Soc.2014 Jan.

Abstract

The exceptionally high plant diversity of the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) comprises a combination of ancient lineages and young radiations. A previous phylogenetic study of Aizoaceae subfamily Ruschioideae dated the radiation of this clade of > 1500 species in the GCFR to 3.8-8.7 Mya, establishing it as a flagship example of a diversification event triggered by the onset of a summer-arid climate in the region. However, a more recent analysis found an older age for the Ruschioideae lineage (17 Mya), suggesting that the group may in fact have originated much before the aridification of the region 10-15 Mya. Here, we reassess the tempo of radiation of ice plants by using the most complete generic-level phylogenetic tree for Aizoaceae to date, a revised calibration age and a new dating method. Our estimates of the age of the clade are even younger than initially thought (stem age 1.13-6.49 Mya), supporting the hypothesis that the radiation post-dates the establishment of an arid environment in the GCFR and firmly placing the radiation among the fastest in angiosperms (diversification rate of 4.4 species per million years). We also statistically examine environmental and morphological correlates of richness in ice plants and find that diversity is strongly linked with precipitation, temperature, topographic complexity and the evolution of highly succulent leaves and wide-band tracheids.

Keywords: Greater Cape Floristic Region; Ruschioideae; Succulent Karoo; aridification; diversification rates.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of southern African eco-regions and mesemb genus richness per quarter degree square (QDS).
Fig 2
Fig 2
Maximum-clade credibility tree of all 143 taxa based on analysis of thetrnL-F andpsbAtrnH matrix. Dark branches indicate nodes with support greater than PP = 0.8. Bars to right shows species of: green, outgroup; grey, Aizooideae; light blue, Mesembryanthemoids; dark blue, early-diverging Ruschioideae; red, core Ruschioideae. Mean ages (Mya) obtained for key nodes in the phylogenetic tree are indicated with arrows. The 95% highest posterior density intervals for the node ages are shown in blue horizontal bars at each node. The stem node of the core ruschioid radiation is indicated with a red circle and the crown node with an orange circle. Time scale bar shown at the bottom (Mya).
Fig 3
Fig 3
Character state optimization of (A) leaf shape and (B) tracheid type (WBT, wide-band tracheid). Characters mapped onto the maximum clade credibility tree from the Bayesian analysis.
Fig 4
Fig 4
Map and correlation graphs of mean annual precipitation (mm) against core (A) and early-diverging (B) ruschioid genus richness (per QDS), showing a map of genus richness (size of dots indicates genus richness) against a background of mean annual precipitation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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