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.2015 Mar 12:6:250.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00250. eCollection 2015.

The intersection of turn-taking and repair: the timing of other-initiations of repair in conversation

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The intersection of turn-taking and repair: the timing of other-initiations of repair in conversation

Kobin H Kendrick. Front Psychol..

Abstract

The transitions between turns at talk in conversation tend to occur quickly, with only a slight gap of ∼100-300 ms between them. This estimate of central tendency, however, hides a wealth of complex variation, as a number of factors, such as the type of turns involved, have been shown to influence the timing of turn transitions. This article considers one specific type of turn that does not conform to the statistical trend, namely turns that deal with troubles of speaking, hearing, and understanding, known as other-initiations of repair (OIR). The results of a quantitative analysis of 169 OIRs in face-to-face conversation reveal that the most frequent cases occur after gaps of ∼700 ms. Furthermore, OIRs that locate a source of trouble in a prior turn specifically tend to occur after shorter gaps than those that do not, and those that correct errors in a prior turn, while rare, tend to occur without delay. An analysis of the transitions before OIRs, using methods of conversation analysis, suggests that speakers use the extra time (i) to search for a late recognition of the problematic turn, (ii) to provide an opportunity for the speaker of the problematic turn to resolve the trouble independently, and (iii) to produce visual signals, such as facial gestures. In light of these results, it is argued that OIRs take priority over other turns at talk in conversation and therefore are not subject to the same rules and constraints that motivate fast turn transitions in general.

Keywords: conversation analysis; delay; other-initiated repair; preference; self-repair; timing; turn-taking.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Gap durations (in milliseconds) for other-initiations of repair (OIRs) and responses to polar questions.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Gap durations (in milliseconds) for open and specific OIRs.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Gap durations (in milliseconds) for corrections and all other OIRs (non-corrections).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Kelly looks away at the completion of the trouble-source turn and holds this position for ∼1100 ms(top). She then returns her gaze to Heather for ∼250 ms before she produces the OIR(bottom).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Rich, on the left, looks down during the trouble-source turn(top). He then turns to look at Tom after the trouble-source turn is complete and holds his gaze on Tom for ∼800 ms before he produces an OIR(bottom).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Abbie, in the middle, looks down during the trouble-source turn(top) and then raises her eyebrows and turns to look at Maureen. She holds this position for a beat (∼260 ms) before she produces an OIR(bottom).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
After Heather’s answer to Kelly’s question is complete, Kelly gazes at Heather and holds this position for ∼840 ms(top). She then raises her eyebrows, pulls down the corners of her mouth, and holds this facial gesture for ∼510 ms(bottom), until Heather produces a self-repair.
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