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Review
.2015 Feb 18:3:17.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00017. eCollection 2015.

Engineering Sugar Utilization and Microbial Tolerance toward Lignocellulose Conversion

Affiliations
Review

Engineering Sugar Utilization and Microbial Tolerance toward Lignocellulose Conversion

Lizbeth M Nieves et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol..

Abstract

Production of fuels and chemicals through a fermentation-based manufacturing process that uses renewable feedstock such as lignocellulosic biomass is a desirable alternative to petrochemicals. Although it is still in its infancy, synthetic biology offers great potential to overcome the challenges associated with lignocellulose conversion. In this review, we will summarize the identification and optimization of synthetic biological parts used to enhance the utilization of lignocellulose-derived sugars and to increase the biocatalyst tolerance for lignocellulose-derived fermentation inhibitors. We will also discuss the ongoing efforts and future applications of synthetic integrated biological systems used to improve lignocellulose conversion.

Keywords: furan aldehydes; lignocellulose; metabolic engineering; synthetic biology; xylose.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Challenges of lignocellulose conversion. Lignocellulose regularly needs pretreatment to release its sugar components for biocatalysts to make fuels and chemicals. This is a sustainable approach to reduce our dependence on petroleum and to prevent carbon dioxide emission. At least three major challenges remain to be solved for a cost-effective lignocellulose conversion.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Two metabolic pathways ofd-xylose metabolism. Xylose is transported into cells and then it is either isomerized by xylose isomerase in some bacteria or reduced to xylitol by xylose reductase in some fungi. Xylitol is oxidized to xylulose and then phosphorylated to form xylulose-5-phosphate by xylulokinase. Xylulose-5-phosphate enters the pentose phosphate pathway for further degradation. The isomerase pathway avoids the production of xylitol.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Native furfural degradation pathways. There are two major native metabolic routes for furfural. In somePseudomonas putida strains, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor furfural goes through a series of oxidation and eventually goes into TCA cycle for further degradation. In contrast to aerobic degradation, the oxidoreductases with furfural reductase activity are recruited under anaerobic fermentation condition to reduce furfural to furfuryl alcohol, a less toxic product. Furfuryl alcohol is excreted into the medium.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The integrated furan aldehydes detoxification system. A furfural responsive promoter and multiple effector genes are integrated into the chromosome. In the absence of furan aldehydes, this artificial operon is inactive and effector genes are not expressed. Furan aldehydes activate the responsive promoter to drive the expression of effector genes. Effectors are produced to mitigate the toxicity of furan aldehydes. Example effectors shown in the graph are furfural reductase(A), anti-oxidative protein(B), polyamine transporter(C), and chaperonin(D), assuming these effectors have synergistic epistatic interaction. When furfural level decreases, promoter remains silenced and no more new effectors are made. This design provides a controllable mechanism for furfural tolerance to minimize metabolic burden and maximize the benefit of effector genes.
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