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doi: 10.1038/srep08706.

A laboratory investigation of interactions between denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) and anammox processes in anoxic environments

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A laboratory investigation of interactions between denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) and anammox processes in anoxic environments

Shihu Hu et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

This study investigates interactions between recently identified denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes in controlled anoxic laboratory reactors. Two reactors were seeded with the same inocula containing DAMO organisms Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens and Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera, and anammox organism Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Both were fed with ammonium and methane, but one was also fed with nitrate and the other with nitrite, providing anoxic environments with different electron acceptors. After steady state reached in several months, the DAMO process became solely/primarily responsible for nitrate reduction while the anammox process became solely responsible for nitrite reduction in both reactors. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that the nitrate-driven DAMO organism M. nitroreducens dominated both the nitrate-fed (~70%) and the nitrite-fed (~26%) reactors, while the nitrite-driven DAMO organism M. oxyfera disappeared in both communities. The elimination of M. oxyfera from both reactors was likely the results of this organism being outcompeted by anammox bacteria for nitrite. K. stuttgartiensis was detected at relatively low levels (1-3%) in both reactors.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Nitrogen and carbon transformation in the nitrate-fed reactor over the 360 days of reactor operation.
(a): temporal profiles of methane (formula image) and nitrogen gas (formula image), which represent the total amount of these substances in both the gas and liquid phases; (b): temporal profiles of ammonium (formula image), nitrate (formula image) and nitrite (formula image). The concentration of nitrite (formula image) was close to zero most of time; (c): The NO2 reduction rate by anammox (formula image, ranammox), NO2 reduction rate by DAMO (formula image, rDAMO-nitrite) and NO3 reduction rate by DAMO (formula image, rDAMO-nitrate) calculated based on liquid phase measurements and reaction stoichiometry.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Community dynamics in the nitrate-fed reactor.
FISH images of sludge samples fixed on Days 0 (a) and Day 259 (b) after hybridization with specific probes: Cy3 ARC872 forM. nitroreducens (red), Cy5 NC1162 forM. oxyfera (blue) and FITC AMX820 for anammox bacteria (green). (c) Microbial community composition determined by sequencing in the bioreactor on Day 259.
Figure 3
Figure 3. DAMO and anammox activities in nitrite-fed reactor.
(a) and (b): The consumption of methane (formula image), ammonium (formula image) and nitrate (formula image), and production of nitrogen gas (formula image) were observed. The loading rate of nitrite (−) was constant from Day 57 onwards except between Days 230 to 234, where nitrate and nitrite was added manually during batch tests (data not shown). (c): The NO2 reduction rate by anammox (formula image, ranammox), NO2 reduction rate by DAMO (formula image, rDAMO-nitrite) and NO3 reduction rate by DAMO (formula image, rDAMO-nitrate) calculated based on liquid phase measurements and reaction stoichiometry.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Variations of populations of anammox and DAMO microorganisms in the nitrite-fed reactor.
FISH images of sludge samples fixed on Days 0 (a) and 259 (b) after hybridization with specific probes: Cy3 ARC872 forM. nitroreducens (red), Cy5 NC1162 forM. oxyfera (blue) and FITC AMX820 for anammox bacteria (green). (c): Microbial community composition determined by sequencing in the nitrite-fed reactor on Day 259.
Figure 5
Figure 5. A conceptual model for the interactions between the DAMO and anammox processes in an anoxic environment rich in methane, ammonium and nitrate or nitrite.
Material flow and electron flow are shown in solid and dashed lines, respectively.
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References

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