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.2015 Apr;47(4):410-5.
doi: 10.1038/ng.3223. Epub 2015 Feb 23.

Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists

Annegret Kohler  1Alan Kuo  2Laszlo G Nagy  3Emmanuelle Morin  1Kerrie W Barry  2Francois Buscot  4Björn Canbäck  5Cindy Choi  2Nicolas Cichocki  1Alicia Clum  2Jan Colpaert  6Alex Copeland  2Mauricio D Costa  7Jeanne Doré  8Dimitrios Floudas  9Gilles Gay  8Mariangela Girlanda  10Bernard Henrissat  11Sylvie Herrmann  4Jaqueline Hess  12Nils Högberg  13Tomas Johansson  5Hassine-Radhouane Khouja  10Kurt LaButti  2Urs Lahrmann  14Anthony Levasseur  15Erika A Lindquist  2Anna Lipzen  2Roland Marmeisse  8Elena Martino  16Claude Murat  1Chew Y Ngan  2Uwe Nehls  17Jonathan M Plett  1Anne Pringle  18Robin A Ohm  2Silvia Perotto  10Martina Peter  19Robert Riley  2Francois Rineau  6Joske Ruytinx  6Asaf Salamov  2Firoz Shah  5Hui Sun  2Mika Tarkka  4Andrew Tritt  2Claire Veneault-Fourrey  1Alga Zuccaro  20Mycorrhizal Genomics Initiative ConsortiumAnders Tunlid  5Igor V Grigoriev  2David S Hibbett  9Francis Martin  1
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Free article

Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists

Annegret Kohler et al. Nat Genet.2015 Apr.
Free article

Abstract

To elucidate the genetic bases of mycorrhizal lifestyle evolution, we sequenced new fungal genomes, including 13 ectomycorrhizal (ECM), orchid (ORM) and ericoid (ERM) species, and five saprotrophs, which we analyzed along with other fungal genomes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have a reduced complement of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), as compared to their ancestral wood decayers. Nevertheless, they have retained a unique array of PCWDEs, thus suggesting that they possess diverse abilities to decompose lignocellulose. Similar functional categories of nonorthologous genes are induced in symbiosis. Of induced genes, 7-38% are orphan genes, including genes that encode secreted effector-like proteins. Convergent evolution of the mycorrhizal habit in fungi occurred via the repeated evolution of a 'symbiosis toolkit', with reduced numbers of PCWDEs and lineage-specific suites of mycorrhiza-induced genes.

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