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.2015 Jan;44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S17-27.
doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0585-9.

Regional-scale land-cover change during the 20th century and its consequences for biodiversity

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Regional-scale land-cover change during the 20th century and its consequences for biodiversity

Sara A O Cousins et al. Ambio.2015 Jan.

Abstract

Extensive changes in land cover during the 20th century are known to have had detrimental effects on biodiversity in rural landscapes, but the magnitude of change and their ecological effects are not well known on regional scales. We digitized historical maps from the beginning of the 20th century over a 1652 km(2) study area in southeastern Sweden, comparing it to modern-day land cover with a focus on valuable habitat types. Semi-natural grassland cover decreased by over 96 % in the study area, being largely lost to afforestation and silviculture. Grasslands on finer soils were more likely to be converted into modern grassland or arable fields. However, in addition to remaining semi-natural grassland, today's valuable deciduous forest and wetland habitats were mostly grazed grassland in 1900. An analysis of the landscape-level biodiversity revealed that plant species richness was generally more related to the modern landscape, with grazing management being a positive influence on species richness.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map showing location of the study area used for a regional-scale analysis of land-cover change between 1900 and 2013
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Cadastral map from 1900 over an area of a 1652 km2 study area compared with the corresponding digitized version and the map from 2013. Names, borders, roads, railway lines, and other linear objects were not included in the digitized version of the cadastral map. The colors in the original map have been changed in the digitized version to increase readability, thus the legend applies to the digitized maps only.Dashed lines indicate those areas we interpreted as wood pasture for analysis. The map from 2013 is based on the Swedish Lantmäteriet’s terrain map, overlaid with areas of semi-natural grassland from the Swedish government’s survey of semi-natural pastures and meadows
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Major landscape transitions between 1900 and 2013 in a 1652 km2 transect in southeastern Sweden.Boxes are proportional to the change where theitalic number gives the percentage of total land cover in the study area.Arrows show the dominant transitions to another land cover. Modern grassland derives from different historical land-cover categories but were primarily semi-natural grassland that have been used as arable fields between 1900 and today, or semi-natural grasslands that have been improved with fertilizers. Open water and dwellings are not included in the figure
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Land-cover trajectories for the different subcategories of semi-natural grassland to broad current land-cover types between 1900 and 2013 over a 1652 km2 study area in southeastern Sweden. Note that the area of dedicated pasture was relatively small in 1900, compared to islets and wood pasture where the majority of grazing took place
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
General soil types underlying different categories of semi-natural grassland in 1900 and 2013 over a 1652 km2 study area in southeastern Sweden. Grazed grassland 1900 includes pasture, wood pasture, and islets, while grassland tended for haymaking included meadow and wet meadow.Bar colors are based on those used by the Geological Survey of Sweden
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Broad land cover in 1900 for the present-day (2013) distributions of deciduous forest and wetland over a 1652 km2 study area in southeastern Sweden
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References

    1. Auffret AG, Cousins SAO. Past and present management influences the seed bank and seed rain in a rural landscape mosaic. Journal of Applied Ecology. 2011;48:1278–1285. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02019.x. - DOI
    1. Auffret, A.G., J. Plue, and S.A.O. Cousins. 2015. The spatial and temporal components of functional connectivity in fragmented landscapes. AMBIO (Suppl. 1). doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0588-6. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Brinson MM, Malvárez AI. Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types, status, and threats. Environmental Conservation. 2002;29:115–133. doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000085. - DOI

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