Review
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3.Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus
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- PMID:25188210
- PMCID: PMC10680058
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006424.pub3
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Review
Culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Madeleine Attridge et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev..
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Abstract
Background: Ethnic minority groups in upper-middle-income and high-income countries tend to be socioeconomically disadvantaged and to have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than is seen in the majority population.
Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of culturally appropriate health education for people in ethnic minority groups with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Search methods: A systematic literature search was performed of the following databases: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Google Scholar, as well as reference lists of identified articles. The date of the last search was July 2013 for The Cochrane Library and September 2013 for all other databases. We contacted authors in the field and handsearched commonly encountered journals as well.
Selection criteria: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of culturally appropriate health education for people over 16 years of age with type 2 diabetes mellitus from named ethnic minority groups residing in upper-middle-income or high-income countries.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. When disagreements arose regarding selection of papers for inclusion, two additional review authors were consulted for discussion. We contacted study authors to ask for additional information when data appeared to be missing or needed clarification.
Main results: A total of 33 trials (including 11 from the original 2008 review) involving 7453 participants were included in this review, with 28 trials providing suitable data for entry into meta-analysis. Although the interventions provided in these studies were very different from one study to another (participant numbers, duration of intervention, group versus individual intervention, setting), most of the studies were based on recognisable theoretical models, and we tried to be inclusive in considering the wide variety of available culturally appropriate health education.Glycaemic control (as measured by glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)) showed improvement following culturally appropriate health education at three months (mean difference (MD) -0.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.5 to -0.2); 14 trials; 1442 participants; high-quality evidence) and at six months (MD -0.5% (95% CI -0.7 to -0.4); 14 trials; 1972 participants; high-quality evidence) post intervention compared with control groups who received 'usual care'. This control was sustained to a lesser extent at 12 months (MD -0.2% (95% CI -0.3 to -0.04); 9 trials; 1936 participants) and at 24 months (MD -0.3% (95% CI -0.6 to -0.1); 4 trials; 2268 participants; moderate-quality evidence) post intervention. Neutral effects on health-related quality of life measures were noted and there was a general lack of reporting of adverse events in most studies - the other two primary outcomes for this review. Knowledge scores showed improvement in the intervention group at three (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.4 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.6), six (SMD 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.7)) and 12 months (SMD 0.4 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.6)) post intervention. A reduction in triglycerides of 24 mg/dL (95% CI -40 to -8) was observed at three months, but this was not sustained at six or 12 months. Neutral effects on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were reported at any follow-up point. Other outcome measures (blood pressure, body mass index, self-efficacy and empowerment) also showed neutral effects compared with control groups. Data on the secondary outcomes of diabetic complications, mortality and health economics were lacking or were insufficient.Because of the nature of the intervention, participants and personnel delivering the intervention were rarely blinded, so the risk of performance bias was high. Also, subjective measures were assessed by participants who self-reported via questionnaires, leading to high bias in subjective outcome assessment.
Authors' conclusions: Culturally appropriate health education has short- to medium-term effects on glycaemic control and on knowledge of diabetes and healthy lifestyles. With this update (six years after the first publication of this review), a greater number of RCTs were reported to be of sufficient quality for inclusion in the review. None of these studies were long-term trials, and so clinically important long-term outcomes could not be studied. No studies included an economic analysis. The heterogeneity of the studies made subgroup comparisons difficult to interpret with confidence. Long-term, standardised, multi-centre RCTs are needed to compare different types and intensities of culturally appropriate health education within defined ethnic minority groups, as the medium-term effects could lead to clinically important health outcomes, if sustained.
Conflict of interest statement
Kamila Hawthorne is the author of one study included in this review (Hawthorne 1997). The Co‐ordinating editor of the Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group checked the included data and interpretation against the study report.
Madeleine Attridge: nothing to declare.
John Creamer: nothing to declare.
Michael Ramsden: nothing to declare.
Rebecca Cannings‐John: nothing to declare.
Figures
Study flow diagram.
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Culturally tailored health education compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, outcome: 1.2 Mean HbA1c up to 6 months [%].
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Culturally tailored health education compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, outcome: 1.3 Mean HbA1c up to 1 year [%].
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, outcome: 1.9 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c up to 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 5 Mean HbA1c at all points.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 6 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 7 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 8 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 9 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 10 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 3 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 11 Mean quality of life at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 12 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 13 Final mean knowledge at all points.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 14 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment (on diet and health beliefs on barriers) at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 15 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment (on diet, can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 17 Self‐reported global health/satisfaction at 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 18 Self‐efficacy at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 19 Mean total cholesterol at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 20 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 21 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 22 Mean total cholesterol at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 23 Mean LDL at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 24 Mean LDL at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 25 Mean LDL at up to 12 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 26 Mean HDL at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 27 Mean HDL at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 28 Mean HDL at up to 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 29 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 30 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 31 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 32 Mean BMI at up to 3 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 33 Mean BMI at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 34 Mean BMI at up to 12 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 35 Mean BMI at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 36 Mean systolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 37 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 38 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 39 Mean systolic blood pressure at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 40 Mean diastolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 41 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 42 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 43 Mean diastolic blood pressure at all endpoints.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 44 Emergency visits (in past 6 months) at 6 months.
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 45 Emergency visits in past 6 months (numbers).
Comparison 1 Culturally tailored HE compared with conventional or usual diabetes health care, Outcome 46 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at 3 months excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at 3 months: excluding studies with non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months: excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months: excluding studies with non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 5 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months: excluding studies with inadequate description of allocation concealment.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 6 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year: excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 7 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year: excluding studies with inadequate description of allocation concealment.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 8 Mean HbA1c at 24 months: excluding studies with complex interventions: Gary 2009.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 9 Mean HbA1c at 24 months: excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 10 Mean HbA1c at 24 months: excluding studies with inadequate description of allocation concealment.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 11 Final mean knowledge at 3 months: excluding studies with no valid tool/scale direction.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 12 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months: excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 13 Final mean knowledge at 3 months: excluding studies with non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 14 Final mean knowledge at 3 months: excluding change scores.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 15 Final mean knowledge at up to 6 months with non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 16 Final mean knowledge at up to 6 months: excluding studies with randomisation bias.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 17 Final mean knowledge at 6 months: excluding studies with no valid tool/scale direct.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 18 Final mean knowledge at 6 months: excluding studies with inadequate description of allocation concealment.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 19 Final mean knowledge at 6 months: excluding change scores.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 20 Final mean knowledge at 1 year: excluding studies with no valid tool/scale direct.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 21 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2): excluding studies with non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 22 Mean diastolic BP at 3 months (mm Hg): excluding non‐standard time frames.
Comparison 2 Sensitivity analysis, Outcome 23 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL) with randomisation bias.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at 12 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 7 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean total cholesterol at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 9 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean total cholesterol at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 11 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 12 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 13 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 14 Mean LDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 15 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 16 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 17 Mean HDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 18 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 19 Mean systolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 20 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 21 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 22 Mean diastolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 23 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 24 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 25 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 26 Diabetes knowledge at 6 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 27 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 28 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 29 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 30 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 3 Subgroup analysis for studies involving Hispanic individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 31 Emergency visits at 6 months.
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis for studies involving South Asian individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis for studies involving South Asian individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis for studies involving South Asian individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 3 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 4 Subgroup analysis for studies involving South Asian individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 4 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 12 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at up to 24 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 7 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 9 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 11 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 12 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 14 Mean LDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 15 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 16 Mean HDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 17 Mean HDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 18 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 19 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 20 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 21 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 22 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 23 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 24 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 25 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 26 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 27 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 28 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 29 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 5 Subgroup analysis for studies involving African American individuals in culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 30 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at 12 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 7 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean total cholesterol at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 9 Mean total cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean total cholesterol at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 11 Mean LDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 12 LDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 13 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 14 Mean HDL at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 15 Mean HDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 16 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 17 Mean systolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 18 Systolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 19 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 20 Mean diastolic blood pressure at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 21 Diastolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 22 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 23 Mean triglycerides at 3 to 4 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 24 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 25 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 26 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 27 Diabetes knowledge at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 28 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 29 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 30 Emergency visits at 6 months.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 31 Mean HbA1c at all endpoints.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 32 Final mean knowledge at all endpoints.
Comparison 6 Subgroup analysis of group HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 33 Mean total cholesterol at all endpoints.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 4 HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 7 Diabetes knowledge at 3 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 9 Diabetes knowledge at 6 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 11 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 12 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 13 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 14 Mean HbA1c at all endpoints.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 15 Diabetes knowledge at all endpoints.
Comparison 7 Subgroup analysis of individual HE in culturally sensitive intervention vs usual care, Outcome 16 Mean total cholesterol at all endpoints.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 4 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 6 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 7 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 8 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 9 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 10 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 11 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 12 QoL at up to 6 months (overall QoL and mental QoL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 14 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 15 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 16 Mean LDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 17 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 18 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 19 Mean HDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 20 Mean HDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 21 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 22 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 23 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 24 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 25 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 26 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 27 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 28 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 29 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 30 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 31 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 32 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 33 Mean HbA1c at all endpoints.
Comparison 8 Subgroup analysis for combined group and individual HE for culturally sensitive HE vs usual care, Outcome 34 Mean total cholesterol at all endpoints.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 1 HbA1c at 3 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 5 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 6 BMI at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 7 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 8 Systolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 9 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 10 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 11 Diastolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 12 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 14 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 15 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 16 LDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 17 Mean HDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 18 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 19 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 20 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 21 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 22 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 23 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 24 Diabetes knowledge at 3 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 25 Mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 26 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 27 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 28 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 29 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 30 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
Comparison 9 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a link worker or community worker in the intervention HE, Outcome 31 Emergency visits at 6 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 4 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 6 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 7 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 8 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 9 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 10 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 11 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 12 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 14 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 15 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 16 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 17 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 18 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 19 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 20 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 21 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 22 Mean knowledge at 6 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 23 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 24 Mean quality of life measures at up to 6 months.
Comparison 10 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a nurse in the intervention HE, Outcome 25 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 4 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 6 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 7 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 8 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 9 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 10 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 11 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 12 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 14 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 15 Mean LDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 16 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 17 Mean HDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 18 Mean HDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 19 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 20 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 21 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 22 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 23 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 24 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 25 Final mean self‐efficacy & empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 26 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 27 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 28 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 29 Mean quality of life scores at 6 months.
Comparison 11 Subgroup analysis of studies involving a dietician in the intervention HE, Outcome 30 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 4 HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 6 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 7 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 8 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 9 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 10 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 11 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 12 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 14 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 15 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 16 Mean LDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 17 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 18 Mean HDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 19 Mean HDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 20 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 21 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 22 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 23 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 24 Final mean knowledge at up to 3 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 25 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 26 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 27 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 28 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 29 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 30 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 31 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 32 Quality of life at up to 6 months (overall QoL and mental QoL).
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 33 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 34 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
Comparison 12 Subgroup analysis of studies based in the USA, Outcome 35 Emergency visits at 6 months.
Comparison 13 Subgroup analysis of studies based in Europe, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 13 Subgroup analysis of studies based in Europe, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 13 Subgroup analysis of studies based in Europe, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 13 Subgroup analysis of studies based in Europe, Outcome 4 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 13 Subgroup analysis of studies based in Europe, Outcome 5 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 1 Mean HbA1c at up to 3 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 4 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 5 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 6 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 3 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 7 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 6 months (mm Hg).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 8 Mean BMI at up to 3 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 9 Mean BMI at up to 6 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 10 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 11 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 12 Mean LDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 13 Mean LDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 14 Mean HDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 15 Mean HDL at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 16 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 17 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 18 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 3 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 19 Final mean knowledge (diabetes and nutrition knowledge) at up to 6 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 20 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment [on diet and health beliefs on barriers] at up to 3 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 21 Final mean self‐efficacy and empowerment on diet (can choose correct food) at 6 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 22 Mean quality of life measures at 3 to 4 months.
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 23 QoL up to 6 months (overall QoL and mental QoL).
Comparison 14 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting less than 3 months, Outcome 24 Emergency visits at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 1 HbA1c at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 2 Mean HbA1c at up to 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 3 Mean HbA1c at up to 1 year.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 4 HbA1c at 24 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 5 BMI at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 6 Mean BMI at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 7 Systolic blood pressure at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 8 Systolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 9 Mean systolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 10 Diastolic blood pressure at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 11 Diastolic blood pressure at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 12 Mean diastolic blood pressure at up to 1 year (mm Hg).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 13 Mean total cholesterol at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 14 Mean total cholesterol at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 15 Mean total cholesterol at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 16 Mean LDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 17 LDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 18 Mean LDL at up to 12 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 19 Mean HDL at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 20 Mean HDL cholesterol at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 21 Mean HDL at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 22 Mean triglycerides at up to 3 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 23 Mean triglycerides at up to 6 months (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 24 Mean triglycerides at up to 1 year (mg/dL).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 25 Diabetes knowledge at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 26 Diabetes knowledge at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 27 Final mean knowledge at 1 year.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 28 Mean BMI at up to 12 months (kg/m2).
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 29 Quality of life at 3 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 30 Quality of life at 6 months.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 31 Mean quality of life scores at 1 year.
Comparison 15 Subgroup analysis of interventions lasting longer than 3 months, Outcome 32 Acute hospital admissions at 24 months.
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References
References to studies included in this review
Agurs‐Collins 1997 {published data only}
- Agurs‐Collins TD, Kumanyika SK, Have TR, Adams‐Campbell LL. A randomised controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise for diabetes management in older African‐American subjects. Diabetes Care 1997;20(10):1503‐11. - PubMed
Anderson 2005 {published data only}
- Anderson RM, Funnell MM, Nwankwo R, Gillard ML, Oh M, Fitzgerald T. Evaluating a problem‐based empowerment program for African Americans with diabetes: results of a randomized controlled trial. Ethnicity and Disease 2005;15:671‐8. - PubMed
Babamoto 2009 {published data only}
- Babamoto KS, Sey KA, Camilleri AJ, Karlan VJ, Catalasan J, Morisky DE. Improving diabetes care and health measures among Hispanics using community health workers: results from a randomized controlled trial. Health Education & Behavior 2009;36(1):113‐26. - PubMed
Baradaran 2006 {published data only}
Bellary 2008 {published data only}
- Bellary S, O'Hare JP, Raymond NT, Gumber A, Szczpura A, Kumar S, et al. Enhanced diabetes care to patients of South Asian ethnic origin (the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1769‐76. - PubMed
Brown 2002 {published data only}
Carter 2011 {published data only}
Crowley 2013 {published data only}
- Crowley MJ, Powers BJ, Olsen MK, Grubber JM, Koropchak C, Rose CM, et al. The Cholesterol, Hypertension, And Glucose Education (CHANGE) study: results from a randomized controlled trial in African Americans with diabetes. American Heart Journal July 2013;166(1):179‐86. - PubMed
D'Eramo Melkus 2010 {published data only}
- D'Eramo Melkus G, Chyun D, Vorderstrasse A, Newlin K, Jefferson V, Langerman S. The effect of a diabetes education, coping skills training and care intervention on physiological and psychosocial outcomes in black women with type 2 diabetes. Biological Research for Nursing 2010;12(1):7‐19. - PubMed
DePue 2013 {published data only}
Gary 2009 {published data only}
- Gary TL, Batts‐Turner M, Yeh H, Hill‐Broggs F, Bone LR, Wang N, et al. The effects of a nurse case manager and a community health worker team on diabetic control, emergency department visits and hospitalizations among urban African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(19):1788‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Gucciardi 2007 {published data only}
- Gucciardi E, DeMelo M, Lee RN, Grace SL. Assessment of two culturally competent diabetes education methods: individual versus individual plus group education in Canadian Portuguese adults with type 2 diabetes. Ethnicity and Health 2007;12(2):163‐87. - PubMed
Hawthorne 1997 {published data only}
Kattelmann 2009 {published data only}
Keyserling 2002 {published data only}
- Keyserling TC, Samuel‐Hodge CD, Ammerman AS, Ainsworth BE, Hernandez‐Roldan CF, Elasy TA, et al. A randomised trial of an intervention to improve self‐care behaviours of African‐Amercan women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25(9):1576‐83. - PubMed
Khan 2011 ‐ African Ameri {published and unpublished data}
Khan 2011‐ Hispanic {published data only}
Kim 2009 {published data only}
Lorig 2008 {published data only}
- Lorig K, Ritter PL, Villa F, Piette JD. Spanish diabetes self‐management with and without automated telephone reinforcement. Diabetes Care 2008;31:408‐14. - PubMed
Lujan 2007 {published data only}
- Lujan J, Ostwald SK, Ortiz M. Promotora diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans. The Diabetes Educator 2007;33(4):660‐70. - PubMed
Middelkoop 2001 {published data only}
- MiddelKoop BJC, Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn PHLM, Wal G. Effectiveness of culture‐specific diabetes care for Surinam South Asian patients in the Hague. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1997‐8. - PubMed
O'Hare 2004 {published data only}
- O'Hare JP, Raymond NT, Mughal S, Dodd L, Hanif W, Ahmad Y, et al. Evaluation of delivery of enhanced diabetes care to patients of South Asian ethnicity: the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS). Diabetic Medicine 2004;221:1357‐65. - PubMed
Osborn 2010 {published data only}
Philis‐Tsimikas 2011 {published data only}
Rosal 2005 {published data only}
- Rosal M, Olendzki B, Reed GW, Gumieniak O, Scavron J, Ockene I. Diabetes self‐management among low‐income Spanish‐speaking patients. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2005;29(3):225‐35. - PubMed
Rosal 2011 {published data only}
Rothschild 2013 {published data only}
Samuel‐Hodge 2009 {published data only}
- Samuel‐Hodge CD, Keyserling TC, Park S, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Bangdiwala SI. A randomized trial of a church‐based diabetes self‐management program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2009;35(3):439‐54. - PubMed
Sixta 2008 {published data only}
- Sixta CS, Ostwald S. Texas‐Mexico border intervention by promotores for patients with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2008;34(2):299‐309. - PubMed
Skelly 2005 {published data only}
- Lemman J, Skelly AH, Burns D, Carlson J, Soward A. Tailoring a diabetes self‐care intervention for use with older, rural African American women. The Diabetes Educator 2008;34(2):310‐7. - PubMed
- Skelly AH, Carlson JR, Leeman J, Holditch‐Davis D, Soward ACM. Symptoms‐focused management for African American women with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Applied Nursing Research 2005;18:213‐20. - PubMed
Skelly 2009 {published data only}
Spencer 2011 African‐Amer {published and unpublished data}
- Spencer MS, Rosland A, Kieffer EC, Sinco BR, Valerio M, Palmisano G, et al. Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health December 2011;101(12):2253‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Spencer 2011 Hispanic {published and unpublished data}
- Spencer MS, Rosland A, Kieffer EC, Sinco BR, Valerio M, Palmisano G, et al. Effectiveness of a community health worker intervention among African American and Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health December 2011;101(12):2253‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Toobert 2011 {published data only}
Vincent 2007 {published data only}
- Vincent D, Pasvogel A, Barrera L. A feasibility study of a culturally tailored diabetes intervention for Mexican Americans. Biological Research for Nursing 2007;9:130‐41. - PubMed
References to studies excluded from this review
Ahmedani 2012 {published data only}
- Ahmedani MY, Haque MS, Basit A, Fawwad A, Alvi SFD. Ramadan prospective diabetes study: the role of drug dosage and timing alteration, active glucose monitoring and patient education. Diabetic Medicine 2012;29:709‐15. - PubMed
Alexander 2008 {published data only}
- Alexander GK, Uz SW, Hinton I, Williams I, Jones R. Culture brokerage strategies in diabetes education. Public Health Nursing 2008;25(5):461‐70. - PubMed
Al‐Shookri 2012 {published data only}
- Al‐Shookri A, Khor G, Chan Y, Loke S, Al‐Maskari M. Effectiveness of medical nutrition treatment delivered by dieticians on glycaemic outcomes and lipid profiles of Arab, Omani patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2012;29:236‐44. - PubMed
Amano 2007 {published data only}
- Amano Y, Sugiyama M, Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Mori K, Tnag AC, Akabayashi A. Glycemic index‐based nutritional education improves blood glucose control in Japanese adults. Diabetes Care 2007;30(7):1874‐6. - PubMed
Amaoko 2007 {published data only}
- Amoako E, Skelly AH. Managing uncertainty in diabetes: an intervention for older African American women. Ethnicity and Disease 2007;17:515‐21. - PubMed
Amaoko 2008 {published data only}
- Amaoko E, Skelly AH, Rossen EK. Outcomes of an intervention to reduce uncertainty among African American women with diabetes. Western Journal Nursing Research 2008;30:928‐42. - PubMed
Andersen 2013 {published data only}
Anderson 2010 {published data only}
Arakaki 2009 {published data only}
- Arakaki RFD. Clinical response to cognitive behavioural intervention in Asians and Pacific Islanders with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2009;Conference:..
Arora 2012 {published data only}
- Arora S, Peters A, Agy C, Menchine M. A mobile health intervention for inner city patients with poorly controlled diabetes: proof‐of‐concept of the TEXT‐MED program. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 2012;14(6):492‐6. - PubMed
Barrera 2012 {published data only}
Batik 2008 {published data only}
- Batik O, Phelan EA, Walwick JA, Wang G, LoGerfo JP. Translating a community‐based motivational support program to increase physical activity among older adults with diabetes at community clinics: a pilot study of physical activity for a lifetime of success (PALS). Preventing Chronic Disease 2008;5(1):.. - PMC - PubMed
Blackwell 2011 {published data only}
Bogner 2010 {published data only}
Bolin 2013 {published data only}
- Bolin JN, Ory MG, Wilson AD, Salge L. Diabetes education kiosks in a Latino community. The Diabetes Educator 2013;39(2):204‐12. - PubMed
Borges 2007 {published data only}
- Borges WJ, Ostwald SK. Improving foot self‐care behaviours with Pies Santos. Western Journal of Research Nursing 2007;30:325‐41. - PubMed
Boudreau 2011 {published data only}
- Boudreau F, Godin G, Poirier P. Effectiveness of a computer‐tailored print‐based physical activity intervention among French Canadians with type 2 diabetes in a real‐life setting. Health Education Research 2011;26(4):573‐85. - PubMed
Bravis 2010 {published data only}
- Bravis V, Hui E, Salih S, Mehart S, Hussanein M, Devendra D. Ramadan education and awareness in diabetes (READ) programme for Muslims with type 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan. Diabetic Medicine 2010;27:327‐31. - PubMed
Bray 2013 {published data only}
Brown 2007 {published data only}
- Brown SA, Blozis SA, Kouzekanani K, Garcia AA, Winchell M, Hanis CL. Health beliefs of Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2007;33(2):300‐8. - PubMed
Brown 2010 {published data only}
Brown 2011 {published data only}
Calle 2009 {published data only}
- Calle MC, Vega‐Lopez S, Puglisi MJ, Segura‐Perez S, Chabara J, Perez‐Escamilla R, et al. Peer‐counselling and inflammatory markers in Latinos diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Results from the DIALBEST trial. The FASEBJ Journal 2009;Conference:..
Calles‐Escandon 2010 {published data only}
- Calles‐Escandon JL. Glycemia management of minority participants in ACCORD. Diabetologia 2010;Conference: September:..
Chan 2009 {published data only}
Choi 2012 {published data only}
Choudhury 2008 {published data only}
Comellas 2010 {published data only}
Cramer 2007 {published data only}
- Cramer JS, Sibley RF, Bartlett DP, Kahn LS, Loffredo L. An adaptation of the diabetes prevention program for use with high‐risk, minority patients with type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Educator 2007;33:503‐8. - PubMed
Crasto 2010 {published data only}
- Crasto WJ. Effects of a target driven risk factor control strategy with structured patient education in individuals with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: the Microalbuminuria Education and Medication Optimisation (MEMO) Study. Diabetic Medicine 2010;Conference:19‐20.
Crasto 2011 {published data only}
- Crasto W, Jarvis J, Khunti K, Skinner TC, Gray LJ, Brela J, et al. Multifactorial intervention in individuals with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria: the Microalbuminuria Education and Medication Optimisation (MEMO) study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2011;93:328‐36. - PubMed
Davidson 2007 {published data only}
- Davidson MB, Ansari A, Karlan VJ. Effect of a nurse‐directed diabetes disease management program on urgent care/emergency room visits and hospitalizations in a minority population. Diabetes Care 2007;30(2):224‐7. - PubMed
Davis 2009 {published data only}
Davis 2009a {published data only}
- Davis RM, Hitch AD, Nichols M, Rizvi A, Salaam M, Mayer‐Davis EJ. A collaborative approach to the recruitment and retention of minority patients with diabetes in rural community health centers. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2009;30:63‐70. - PubMed
Davis 2009b {published data only}
- Davis R. The diabetes TeleCare (DTC) study: 24 month follow up data on patients living in rural medically underserved areas. Diabetes 2009;Conference.
Davis 2011 {published data only}
Deitrick 2010 {published data only}
- Deitrick LM, Paxton HD, Rivera A, Gertner EJ, Biery N, Letcher AS, et al. Understanding the role of the promotora in a Latino Diabetes Education Program. Qualitative Health Research 2010;20(3):386‐99. - PubMed
Douglas 2013 {published data only}
- Douglas A, Bhopal RS, Bhopal R, Forbes JF, Gill JMR, McKnight J, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the PODOSA (Prevention of Diabetes & Obesity in South Asians) trial: a cluster, randomised lifestyle intervention in Indian and Pakistani adults with impaired glycaemia at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open 2013;3:1‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Eakin 2007 {published data only}
- Eakin EG, Riley KM, Bull SS, Reeves MM, McLaughlin P, Gutierrez S. Resources for health: a primary‐care based diet and physical activity intervention targeting urban Latinos with multiple chronic conditions. Health Psychology 2007;26(4):392‐400. - PubMed
Egede 2010 {published data only}
Ell 2009 {published data only}
Ezenwaka 2011 {published data only}
- Ezenwaka CE, Dimgba A, Okali F, Skinner T, Extavour R, Rodriguez M, et al. Self‐monitoring of blood glucose improved glycaemic control and the 10‐year coronary heart disease risk profile of female type 2 diabetes patients in Trinidad and Tobago. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2011;14(1):1‐5. - PubMed
Fatima 2011 {published data only}
- Fatima J, Karoli K, Chandra A, Naqvi N. Attitudinal determinants of fasting in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients during Ramadan. Journal of Association of Physicians of India October 2011;59:630‐4. - PubMed
Fernandez 2011 {published data only}
Gerber 2012 {published data only}
Gill 2010 {published data only}
- Gill R, Sahota R, Leveridge J, Saini S, Tomlinson D. Structured diabetes group education for UK south Asian communities: a study investigating the effectiveness of a 5‐week X‐PERT‐based diabetes education programme on improving biomedical outcomes in this population. Diabetes and Primary Care 2010;12(4):218.
Glasgow 2011 {published data only}
Henderson 2012 {published data only}
- Henderson JA, Chubak J, O'Connell J, Ramos MC, Jensen J, Jobe JB. Design of a randomized controlled trial of a web‐based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors among remote reservation‐dwelling American Indian adults with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Primary Prevention 2012;33:209‐22. - PMC - PubMed
Heudebert 2013 {published data only}
- Heudebert A, Eichold B, Arrieta MI, Roach D, Brown S, Hansberry S, et al. Real‐time tele‐monitoring of glucose as adjunct to the management of type 2 diabetes in primary care. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2013;61(2):398.
Hill‐Briggs 2007 {published data only}
- Hill‐Briggs F, Batts‐Turner M, Gary TL, Brancati FL, Hill M, Levine DM, et al. Training community health workers as diabetes educators for urban African Americans: value added using participatory methods. Progress in Community Health Partnerships 2007;Summer(2):185‐94. - PubMed
Hill‐Briggs 2011 {published data only}
Hotu 2010 {published data only}
- Hotu C, Bagg W, Collins J, Harwood L, Whalley G, Doughty R, et al. A community‐based model of care improves blood pressure control and delays progression of proteinuria, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in Maori and Pacific patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25:3260‐6. - PubMed
Ivey 2012 {published data only}
Jernigan 2011 {published data only}
Jones 2008 {published data only}
Kanaya 2012 {published data only}
- Kanaya AM, Santoyo‐Olsson J, Gregorich S, Grossman M, Moore T, Stewart AL. The Live Well, Be Well study: a community‐based, translational lifestyle program to lower diabetes risk factors in ethnic minority and lower‐socioeconomic status adults. Research and Practice 2012;102(8):1551‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Katula 2011 {published data only}
Klug 2008 {published data only}
Latham 2009 {published data only}
- Latham CL, Calvillo E. Predictors of successful diabetes management in low‐income Hispanic people. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2009;31(3):364‐88. - PubMed
Leeman 2008 {published data only}
- Leeman J, Skelly AH, Burns D, Carlson J, Soward A. Tailoring a diabetes self‐care intervention for use with older, rural African American women. The Diabetes Educator 2008;34(2):310‐317. - PubMed
Lenjawi 2012 {published data only}
- Lenjawi BA, Mohammed H, Ammouna P, Zotor F, Almahdi H, Hassan I. Efficacy of a culturally competent group‐based educational program for type 2 diabetics: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine November 2012;10(10):21‐8.
Levetan 2002 {published data only}
- Levetan CS, Dawn KR, Robbins DC, Ratner RE. Impact of computer‐generated personalized goals on HbA1c. Diabetes Care 2002;25(1):2‐8. - PubMed
Liang 2011 {published data only}
- Liang R, Dai X, Zuojie L, Zhou A, Meijuan C. Two‐year foot care program for minority patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Zhuang tribe in Guangxi, China. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 2012;36:15‐8.
Lunde 2012 {published data only}
- Lunde MSH, Hjellset VT, Hostmark AT. Adjusting the amount and type of carbohydrate in a meal strongly reduced the postprandial glycaemic response in Pakistani immigrant women. Journal of Diabetology 2012;1(1).
Martin 2011 {published data only}
McCloskey 2009 {published data only}
- McCloskey J. Promotores as partners in a community‐based diabetes diabetes intervention program targeting Hispanics. Family and Community Health 2009;32:48‐57. - PubMed
Metghalchi 2008 {published data only}
Mohamed 2013 {published data only}
- Mohamed H, Al‐Lenjawi B, Amuna P, Zotor F, Elmahdi H. Culturally sensitive patient‐centred educational programme for self‐management of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Primary Care Diabetes 2013;7:199‐206. - PubMed
Murrock 2009 {published data only}
- Murrock CJ, Higgins PA, Killion C. Dance and peer support to improve diabetes outcomes in African American women. The Diabetes Educator 2009;35(6):995‐1003. - PubMed
Nam 2010 {published data only}
Osuna 2011 {published data only}
Oyetayo 2011 {published data only}
- Oyetayo OO, James C, Martinez A, Roberson K, Talbert RL. The Hispanic Diabetes Management Program: impact of community pharmacists on clinical outcomes. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association Sept/Oct 2011;51(5):623‐6. - PubMed
Palmas 2012 {published data only}
Peña‐Purcell 2011 {published and unpublished data}
- Peña‐Purcell NC, Boggess MM, Jimenez N. An empowerment‐based diabetes self‐management education program for Hispanic/Latinos: a quasi‐experimental pilot study. The Diabetes Educator 2011;37(6):770‐9. - PubMed
Phumipamorn 2008 {published data only}
- Phumipamorn S, Pongwecharak J, Soorapan S, Pattharachayakul S. Effects of the pharmacist's input on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risks in Muslim diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes 2008;2:31‐7. - PubMed
Powers 2009 {published data only}
- Powers BJ, King JL, Ali R, Alkon A, Bowlby L, Edelman D, et al. The cholesterol, hypertension, and glucose education (CHANGE) study for African Americans with diabetes: study design and methodology. American Heart Journal September 2009;158(3):343‐8. - PubMed
Prezio 2013 {published data only}
- Prezio EA, Cheng D, Balasubramanian BA, Shuval K, Kendzor DE, Culica D. Community Diabetes Education (CoDE) for uninsured Mexican Americans: a randomized controlled trail of a culturally tailored diabetes education and management program led by a community health worker. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2013;100:19‐28. - PubMed
Raberg Kjollesdal 2011 {published data only}
- Raberg Kjollesdal MK, Hjellset VT, Bjorge B, Holmboe‐Ottesen G, Wandel M. Perceptions of risk factors for diabetes among Nowwegian‐Pakistani women participating in a culturally adapted intervention. Ethnicity and Health 2011;16(3):279‐97. - PubMed
Rosal 2009 {published data only}
Rothschild 2012 {published data only}
- Rothschild SK, Martin MA, Swider SM, Lynas CT, Avery EF, Janssen I, et al. The Mexican‐American Trial of Community Health workers (MATCH): design and baseline characteristics of a randomised controlled trial testing a culturally tailored community diabetes self‐management intervention. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33(2):369‐77. - PMC - PubMed
Ruelas 2009 {published data only}
Ruggiero 2010 {published data only}
Ruggiero 2010b {published data only}
Ryan 2013 {published data only}
- Ryan JG, Schwartz R, Jennings T, Fedders M, Vittoria I. Feasibility of an internet‐based intervention for improving diabetes outcomes among low‐income patients with a high risk for poor diabetes outcomes followed in a community clinic. The Diabetes Educator 2013;100(39):365‐75. - PubMed
Saha 2013 {published data only}
- Saha S, Leijon M, Gerdtham U, Sundquist K, Arvidsson D, Bennet L. A culturally adapted lifestyle intervention addressing a Middle Eastern immigrant population at risk of diabetes, the MEDIM (impact of Migration and Ethnicity on Diabetes in Malmo): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14:279. - PMC - PubMed
Salto 2011 {published data only}
Shea 2009 {published data only}
- Shea S, Weinstock RS, Teresi JA, Palmas W, Starren J, Cimino JJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing telemedicine case management with usual care in older, ethnically diverse, medically underserved patients with diabetes mellitus: 5 year results of the IDEATel Study. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2009;16(4):446‐56. - PMC - PubMed
Shenoy 2009 {published data only}
- Shenoy S, Arora E, Jaspal S. Effects of progressive resistance training and aerobic exercise on type 2 diabetics in Indian population. International Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism 2009;17:27‐30.
Shenoy 2010 {published data only}
- Shenoy S, Guglani R, Sandhu JS. Effectiveness of an aerobic walking program using heart rate monitor and pedometer on the parameters of diabetes control in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes 2010;4:41‐5. - PubMed
Shi 2010 {published data only}
- Shi Q, Ostald SK, Wang S. Improving glycaemic control self‐efficacy and glycaemic control behaviour in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: randomised controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2010;19:398‐404. - PubMed
Skelly 2008 {published data only}
Skoro‐Kondza 2009 {published data only}
Sun 2012 {published data only}
Tang 2010 {published data only}
Tang 2011 {published data only}
Tang 2012 {published data only}
Trief 2013 {published data only}
- Trief PM, Izquierdo R, Eimicke JP, Teresi JA, Goland R, Palmas W, et al. Adherence to diabetes self care for white, African‐American and Hispanic telemedicine participants: 5 year results from the IDEATel project. Ethnicity & Health 2013;18(1):83‐96. - PubMed
Utz 2008 {published data only}
Vincent 2008 {published data only}
- Vincent D. Culturally tailored education to promote lifestyle change in Mexican Americans with type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 2009;21:520‐7. - PubMed
Walker 2008 {published data only}
Walker 2010 {published data only}
- Walker EA, Stevens KA, Persaud S. Promoting diabetes self‐management among African Americans: an educational intervention. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2010;21:169‐86. - PubMed
Walker 2011 {published data only}
Wattana 2007 {published data only}
- Wattana C, Srisuphan W, Pothiban L, Upchurch SL. Effects of a diabetes self‐management program on glycaemic control, coronary heart disease risk and quality of life among Thai patients with type 2 diabetes. Nursing and Health Sciences 2007;9:135‐41. - PubMed
Weinstock 2011 {published data only}
- Weinstock RS, Brooks G, Palmas W, Morin PC, Teresi JA, Eimicke JP, et al. Lessened decline in physical activity and impairment of older adults with diabetes with telemedicine and pedometer use: results from the IDEATel study. Age and Ageing 2011;40:98‐105. - PubMed
Weinstock 2011b {published data only}
Welch 2011 {published data only}
- Welch G, Allen NA, Zagarins SE, Stamp KD, Bursell S, Kedziora RJ. Comprehensive diabetes management program for poorly controlled Hispanic type 2 patients at a Community Health Center. The Diabetes Educator 2011;37:680‐8. - PubMed
West 2007 {published data only}
- West DS, DiLillo V, Bursac Z, Gore SA, Greene PG. Motivational interviewing improves weight loss in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007;30(5):1081‐7. - PubMed
West 2008 {published data only}
- West DS, Prewitt TE, Bursac Z, Felix HC. Weight loss of black, white and Hispanic men and women in the diabetes prevention program. Obesity 2008;16(6):1413‐20. - PubMed
Wheeler 2012 {published data only}
Williams 2013 {published data only}
Winston 2009 {published data only}
- Winston RAL. Diabetes management and knowledge improvements as a result of patient education: a community based, randomized clinical trial. Value in Health 2009;Conference.
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