.2014 Sep 1:142:341-4.

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.029. Epub 2014 Jul 3.

Nicotine exposure beginning in adolescence enhances the acquisition of methamphetamine self-administration, but not methamphetamine-primed reinstatement in male rats

Joseph A Pipkin¹, Graham J Kaplan¹, Christopher P Plant¹, Shannon E Eaton¹, Susan M Gil², Arturo R Zavala², Cynthia A Crawford³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
² Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
³ Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA. Electronic address: ccrawfor@csusb.edu.

PMID:25042760
PMCID: PMC4127152
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.029

Nicotine exposure beginning in adolescence enhances the acquisition of methamphetamine self-administration, but not methamphetamine-primed reinstatement in male rats

Joseph A Pipkin et al. Drug Alcohol Depend.2014.

.2014 Sep 1:142:341-4.

doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.029. Epub 2014 Jul 3.

Authors

Joseph A Pipkin¹, Graham J Kaplan¹, Christopher P Plant¹, Shannon E Eaton¹, Susan M Gil², Arturo R Zavala², Cynthia A Crawford³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
² Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
³ Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA. Electronic address: ccrawfor@csusb.edu.

PMID:25042760
PMCID: PMC4127152
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.029

Abstract

Background: Nicotine is commonly abused in adolescence and is believed to be a "gateway" to other drugs of abuse [e.g., methamphetamine (METH)]. The relationship between early nicotine exposure and later METH use is complicated because the majority of juvenile smokers continue to use cigarettes into adulthood. Thus, the present investigation examined the individual and combined contribution of adolescent and adult nicotine exposure on METH self-administration.

Methods: Forty-three male rats were pretreated with saline or nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg, SC) from postnatal day (PD) 35-50. On PD 51, subjects were split into the following groups: SAL-SAL, 0.16-0.16, 0.16-SAL, 0.64-0.64, and 0.64-SAL. Rats were then trained to lever press for METH (0.05 mg/kg) for seven days on an FR1 and seven days on an FR3 reinforcement schedule. After acquisition training, rats underwent 14 days of extinction and were then tested for METH-induced primed reinstatement (1.0mg/kg, IP).

Results: Data showed that rats receiving continuous injections of the low dose of nicotine (0.16-0.16) obtained more METH infusions versus the control group (SAL-SAL) on an FR1 and FR3 schedule. In addition, rats on the FR3 schedule that received a low dose of nicotine during the adolescent period only (0.16-SAL) had more METH intake than the control group (SAL-SAL). Interestingly, the high dose of nicotine exposure had no effect on METH intake and neither nicotine dose altered METH seeking behavior.

Conclusions: Low dose exposure to nicotine during adolescence enhances the reinforcing effects of METH, while heavier exposure has no effect on METH intake.

Keywords: Adolescence; Methamphetamine; Nicotine; Self-administration.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Mean total number of METH infusions (± SEM) made by adult rats during self-administration training for METH on an FR 1 schedule of reinforcement. Rats were exposed to nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) or saline during adolescence (PD 35–50) and adulthood. *Indicates a statistical difference from SAL-SAL group. † Indicates a statistical difference from 0.16–0.16 group.

**Figure 2**
Mean total number of METH infusions (± SEM) made by adult rats during self-administration training for METH on an FR 3 schedule of reinforcement. Rats were exposed to nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) or saline during adolescence (PD 35–50) and adulthood. *Indicates statistical difference from SAL-SAL group;^†Indicates different from 0.16–0.16 group.

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Nicotine exposure beginning in adolescence enhances the acquisition of methamphetamine self-administration, but not methamphetamine-primed reinstatement in male rats

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Nicotine exposure beginning in adolescence enhances the acquisition of methamphetamine self-administration, but not methamphetamine-primed reinstatement in male rats

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