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.2014 Aug;71(8):917-25.
doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.680.

Childhood maltreatment, altered limbic neurobiology, and substance use relapse severity via trauma-specific reductions in limbic gray matter volume

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Childhood maltreatment, altered limbic neurobiology, and substance use relapse severity via trauma-specific reductions in limbic gray matter volume

Nicholas T Van Dam et al. JAMA Psychiatry.2014 Aug.

Abstract

Importance: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the most common sequelae of childhood maltreatment, yet the independent contributions of SUDs and childhood maltreatment to neurobiological changes and the effect of the latter on relapse risk (a critical variable in addiction treatment) are relatively unknown.

Objectives: To identify structural neural characteristics independently associated with childhood maltreatment (CM; a common type of childhood adversity), comparing a sample with SUD with a demographically comparable control sample, and to examine the relationship between CM-related structural brain changes and subsequent relapse.

Design, setting, and participants: Structural magnetic resonance imaging study comparing 79 treatment-engaged participants with SUD in acute remission in inpatient treatment at a community mental health center vs 98 healthy control participants at an outpatient research center at an academic medical center. Both groups included individuals with a range of CM experiences. Participants with SUD were followed up prospectively for 90 days to assess relapse and relapse severity.

Intervention: Standard 12-step, recovery-based, inpatient addiction treatment for all participants with SUD.

Main outcomes and measures: Gray matter volume (GMV), subsequent substance use relapse, days to relapse, and severity of relapse.

Results: Controlling for SUD and psychiatric comorbidity, CM (dichotomously classified) was uniquely associated with lower GMV across all participants in the left hippocampus (cornu ammonis 1-3, dentate gyrus), parahippocampus (presubiculum, parasubiculum, prosubiculum, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex), and anterior fusiform gyrus (corrected P < .05; uncorrected P = .001). Among the sample with SUD, CM prospectively predicted a shorter relapse to use of any drug (P = .048), while CM-related GMV reductions predicted severity of substance use relapse (P = .04).

Conclusions and relevance: Findings indicate that CM was related to decreased GMV in limbic regions, which in turn predicted increased risk of relapse in SUD. These results suggest that CM may significantly affect the course of SUD treatment outcomes and that SUD treatment planning may benefit from identifying and addressing CM.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Gray Matter Volume Differences Related to Childhood Maltreatment
Using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry, childhood maltreatment was associated with lower mean gray matter volume, after controlling for substance use disorder, psychiatric history, age, sex, total intracranial volume, and substance dependence by age, in the left medial temporal lobe (1087 voxels; maximum: x = −20, y = −16, z = −26). A, The gray matter volume cluster predominantly includes regions of the hippocampus and parahippocampal and fusiform gyri. Statistical parametric maps have been height thresholded atP < .005 (t ≥ 2.61) and cluster thresholded using topological false discovery rate to set the overall error rate toP < .05. B, Box-and-whisker plot of estimated, standardized region-of-interest (ROI) cluster volumes by group (no trauma vs trauma). The shaded boxes indicate the 75th (top) and 25th (bottom) percentiles; horizontal lines in the middle of the boxes, the median (50th percentile); and whiskers, the minimum and maximum volumes.aAt test revealed significant differences in the estimated volumes for the ROI between the 2 groups atP < .001.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Gray Matter Volume Differences Related to Substance Use Disorders
Using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry, substance use disorder was associated with lower mean gray matter volume, after controlling for childhood maltreatment, psychiatric history, age, sex, total intracranial volume, and substance use disorders by age, across 4 clusters. Gray matter volume differences are depicted as statistical parametric maps on rendered surfaces in the bilateral thalamus (1337 voxels; maximum: x = 6, y = −4, z = 10), left midcingulate gyrus and bilateral supplementary motor area (3899 voxels; maximum: x = −6, y = −31, z = 48), bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus and right cuneus and precuneus (2166 voxels; maximum: x = −5, y = −61, z = 7), and right fusiform gyrus (1157 voxels; maximum: x = 35, y = −73, z = −15). Statistical parametric maps have been height thresholded atP < .005 (t ≥ 2.61) and cluster thresholded using topological false discovery rate to set the overall error rate toP < .05.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Relapse Rate and Severity by Trauma Group and Childhood Maltreatment–Related Gray Matter Volume Differences
Among the subset of the substance-dependent sample for whom additional data were available (n = 72 [91.1%]), relapse time course was examined as a function of childhood maltreatment (A), and severity of relapse (defined as maximum number of days of drug use [alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis] during the 90-day follow-up) was examined as a function of childhood maltreatment–predicted gray matter volume differences in a whole-brain identified region of interest (ROI) (B and C). A, Significantly faster rate of drug relapse for participants with childhood maltreatment compared with those without childhood maltreatment (P value reflects the generalized Wilcoxon χ2 test). B, Correlation between ROI gray matter volume and severity of relapse in the entire subsample (n = 72). C, Relationship between ROI gray matter volume and severity of relapse among those individuals for whom severity of relapse was greater than 0 days (n = 52 [72.2% of subsample]).
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