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.2014 Apr 16;34(16):5529-38.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4745-13.2014.

Cannabis use is quantitatively associated with nucleus accumbens and amygdala abnormalities in young adult recreational users

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Cannabis use is quantitatively associated with nucleus accumbens and amygdala abnormalities in young adult recreational users

Jodi M Gilman et al. J Neurosci..

Abstract

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, but little is known about its effects on the human brain, particularly on reward/aversion regions implicated in addiction, such as the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Animal studies show structural changes in brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens after exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, but less is known about cannabis use and brain morphometry in these regions in humans. We collected high-resolution MRI scans on young adult recreational marijuana users and nonusing controls and conducted three independent analyses of morphometry in these structures: (1) gray matter density using voxel-based morphometry, (2) volume (total brain and regional volumes), and (3) shape (surface morphometry). Gray matter density analyses revealed greater gray matter density in marijuana users than in control participants in the left nucleus accumbens extending to subcallosal cortex, hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and left amygdala, even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking. Trend-level effects were observed for a volume increase in the left nucleus accumbens only. Significant shape differences were detected in the left nucleus accumbens and right amygdala. The left nucleus accumbens showed salient exposure-dependent alterations across all three measures and an altered multimodal relationship across measures in the marijuana group. These data suggest that marijuana exposure, even in young recreational users, is associated with exposure-dependent alterations of the neural matrix of core reward structures and is consistent with animal studies of changes in dendritic arborization.

Keywords: cannabis; gray matter density; marijuana; multimodal imaging; reward; topology/shape.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A, Whole-brain voxel-based morphometry between marijuana users and control participants. Images are thresholded atz = 2.5. The most significant increases in gray matter density were in the left nucleus accumbens extending to the hypothalamus, sublenticular extended amygdala, and amygdala (Tables 2 and 3).B, Associations between gray matter density and drug use measures;p < 0.0125 was considered to be significant after correcting for 4 comparisons (Table 4). GMd, Gray matter density.C, Nucleus accumbens volume was increased in marijuana users and was associated with drug use measures. Error bars represent SE. An asterisk above the bar chart on left indicates that significance metp < 0.05 uncorrected (p = 0.037; Table 2), which was a trend effect after correcting multiple comparisons. The association with drug use, after correcting for 4 comparisons (p = 0.05/4, or 0.0125), was determined to be a trend toward significance (Table 4). CON, Controls; MJ, marijuana participants.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Shape analysis. 2D results of the shape analysis of the amygdala (A) and the nucleus accumbens (B) show areas that are significantly different between marijuana and control participants (left); 3D results are shown on right. Below each colorized statistical map, differences in shape were significantly associated with several drug use measures. An asterisk after thep-value inA and after the left/right color legend inB indicates a significant correlation (corrected). Please see Table 4 for significance after correcting for multiple comparisons.C, Color maps indicate bivariate correlations between modalities in the left nucleus accumbens (left). The relationship between gray matter density and shape and between gray matter density and volume differed between marijuana usersr and control participants; one asterisk indicates a trend correlation; two asterisks indicate a significant correlation (corrected). Please see Table 6 for significance after correcting for multiple comparisons. GMd, Gray matter density; Vol, volume.
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References

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