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.2014 Mar 13;9(3):e91016.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091016. eCollection 2014.

Fruit self-thinning: a trait to consider for genetic improvement of apple tree

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Fruit self-thinning: a trait to consider for genetic improvement of apple tree

Jean-Marc Celton et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

In apple (Malus×domestica Borkh), as in many fruiting crops, fruit maintenance vs abscission is a major criteria for production profitability. Growers routinely make use of chemical thinning agents to control total fruit load. However, serious threats for the environment lead to the demand for new apple cultivars with self-thinning properties. In this project, we studied the genetic determinism of this trait using a F1 progeny derived from the cross between the hybrid INRA X3263, assumed to possess the self-thinning trait, and the cultivar 'Belrène'. Both counting and percentage variables were considered to capture the fruiting behaviour on different shoot types and over three consecutive years. Besides low to moderate but significant genetic effects, mixed models showed considerable effects of the year and the shoot type, as well as an interaction effect. Year effect resulted mainly from biennial fruiting. Eight Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) were detected on several linkage groups (LG), either independent or specific of the year of observation or the shoot type. The QTL with highest LOD value was located on the top third of LG10. The screening of three QTL zones for candidate genes revealed a list of transcription factors and genes involved in fruit nutrition, xylem differentiation, plant responses to starvation and organ abscission that open new avenues for further molecular investigations. The detailed phenotyping performed revealed the dependency between the self-thinning trait and the fruiting status of the trees. Despite a moderate genetic control of the self-thinning trait, QTL and candidate genes were identified which will need further analyses involving other progenies and molecular investigations.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have the following interests. During this study, A. Bechti and M.J. James were employed by Pépinières et Roseraies Delbard. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials, as detailed online in the guide for authors.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Mean number of inflorescences per shoot for each shoot type and year of observation in a F1 apple progeny derived from the cross ‘X3263’בBelrène’.
Ax: Axillary inflorescences; S: Short shoots; M: Medium shoots; L: Long shoots.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Distribution of the mean number of fruits per inflorescence with fruit set depending on the year of observation in a F1 hybrid apple tree population derived from the cross X3263בBelrène’.
(See also the mean values observed each year for the two parents and grand-parents in Table 1).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Genomic positions of the QTLs detected on the ‘X3263’בBelrène’ consensus map.
QTLs are represented by boxes, in which bold lines represent the LOD–1 confidence interval and extended lines represent the LOD–2 confidence interval. Boxes representing QTLs for the number of inflorescences are white, those for the number of fruits per inflorescence are black, for the fruitset traits are pale grey, and for the percentage of inflorescences with 1 fruit are dark grey. For trait abbreviations, see Table 5.
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References

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