Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

Public Library of Science full text link Public Library of Science Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

Share

.2013 Nov 13;8(11):e80031.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. eCollection 2013.

The first modern human dispersals across Africa

Affiliations

The first modern human dispersals across Africa

Teresa Rito et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

The emergence of more refined chronologies for climate change and archaeology in prehistoric Africa, and for the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), now make it feasible to test more sophisticated models of early modern human dispersals suggested by mtDNA distributions. Here we have generated 42 novel whole-mtDNA genomes belonging to haplogroup L0, the most divergent clade in the maternal line of descent, and analysed them alongside the growing database of African lineages belonging to L0's sister clade, L1'6. We propose that the last common ancestor of modern human mtDNAs (carried by "mitochondrial Eve") possibly arose in central Africa ~180 ka, at a time of low population size. By ~130 ka two distinct groups of anatomically modern humans co-existed in Africa: broadly, the ancestors of many modern-day Khoe and San populations in the south and a second central/eastern African group that includes the ancestors of most extant worldwide populations. Early modern human dispersals correlate with climate changes, particularly the tropical African "megadroughts" of MIS 5 (marine isotope stage 5, 135-75 ka) which paradoxically may have facilitated expansions in central and eastern Africa, ultimately triggering the dispersal out of Africa of people carrying haplogroup L3 ~60 ka. Two south to east migrations are discernible within haplogroup LO. One, between 120 and 75 ka, represents the first unambiguous long-range modern human dispersal detected by mtDNA and might have allowed the dispersal of several markers of modernity. A second one, within the last 20 ka signalled by L0d, may have been responsible for the spread of southern click-consonant languages to eastern Africa, contrary to the view that these eastern examples constitute relicts of an ancient, much wider distribution.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:Co-author Luísa Pereira is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Schematic tree of haplogroup L0 and the root of the human mtDNA diversity.
The tree is scaled against the maximum likelihood (ML) age estimates (in ka). Colour scheme for each clade indicates the probable geographic origin (eastern or southern Africa).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Tree of haplogroup L0 sequences generated using the Network software.
The colours indicate the geographic origin of each sample.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Frequency maps based on HVS-I data for haplogroups L0 (total) (A), L0a (B), L0b (C), L0d (D), L0f (E) and L0k (F).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Probabilistic distribution of founder clusters across migration times scanned at 200 years intervals from 0–80 ka, using thef1 criterion, for southern African L0 sequences (black filled line), for overall southern African mtDNA variation (grey filled line) and for L0 central African sequences considering an eastern African source (dashed line in grey).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Schematic representation of the major inferred migrations involving mtDNA haplogroup L0.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Bayesian skyline plot (BSP), indicating hypothetical effective population size through time, based on data from the entire L0 haplogroup.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Gamble C (2007) Origins and revolutions: human identity in earliest prehistory. Cambridge University Press.
    1. Stringer C (2011) The origin of our species: Penguin.
    1. McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG (2005) Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433: 733-736. doi:10.1038/nature03258. PubMed:15716951. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Clark JD, Beyene Y, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Renne PR et al. (2003) Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 747-752. doi:10.1038/nature01670. PubMed:12802333. - DOI - PubMed
    1. White TD, Asfaw B, DeGusta D, Gilbert H, Richards GD et al. (2003) Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423: 742-747. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PubMed:12802332. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

Grants and funding

This work was supported by FCT, the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, through the project PTDC/CS-ANT/113832/2009 and personal grants to P.S. (SFRH/BPD/64233/2009) and V.F. (SFRH/BD/61342/2009). IPATIMUP is an Associate Laboratory of the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education and is partially supported by FCT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
Public Library of Science full text link Public Library of Science Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp