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Review
.2014 Feb 27;97(1):45-54.
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.017. Epub 2013 Sep 29.

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ(9)-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

Affiliations
Review

Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to Δ(9)-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity?

William E Fantegrossi et al. Life Sci..

Abstract

K2 or Spice products are emerging drugs of abuse that contain synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs). Although assumed by many teens and first time drug users to be a "safe" and "legal" alternative to marijuana, many recent reports indicate that SCBs present in K2 produce toxicity not associated with the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC). This mini-review will summarize recent evidence that use of K2 products poses greater health risks relative to marijuana, and suggest that distinct pharmacological properties and metabolism of SCBs relative to Δ(9)-THC may contribute to the observed toxicity. Studies reviewed will indicate that in contrast to partial agonist properties of Δ(9)-THC typically observed in vitro, SCBs in K2 products act as full cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) and type 2 (CB2R) agonists in both cellular assays and animal studies. Furthermore, unlike Δ(9)-THC metabolism, several SCB metabolites retain high affinity for, and exhibit a range of intrinsic activities at, CB1 and CB2Rs. Finally, several reports indicate that although quasi-legal SCBs initially evaded detection and legal consequences, these presumed "advantages" have been limited by new legislation and development of product and human testing capabilities. Collectively, evidence reported in this mini-review suggests that K2 products are neither safe nor legal alternatives to marijuana. Instead, enhanced toxicity of K2 products relative to marijuana, perhaps resulting from the combined actions of a complex mixture of different SCBs present and their active metabolites that retain high affinity for CB1 and CB2Rs, highlights the inherent danger that may accompany use of these substances.

Keywords: CB1 receptors; CB2 receptors; Drug abuse; Drug metabolism; K2/Spice; Synthetic cannabis; ∆(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol.

© 2013.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Statement:

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal conflicts of interest that influenced, or could be perceived to have influenced, this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Structures of representative SCBs commonly found in K2 products
Synthetic cannabinoids are derived from diverse structural groups, including classical cannabinoids (Δ9-THC), cyclohexylphenols (CP-47,497), naphthoylindoles (JWH-018), naphthylmethylindoles (JWH-175), naphthylmethylindenes (JWH-176), benzoylindoles (RCS-4), phenylacetylindoles (JWH-250), adamantoylindoles (AKB48), and tetramethylcyclopropylindoles (UR-144).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Comparison of thein vivo andin vitro efficacy for SCBs and Δ9-THC
Panel A: CP-55,940, JWH-073 and the M1-metabolite of JWH-073 activate G-proteins with greater efficacy than Δ9-THC. Originally published in PLoS One, 6:e21917, 2011 (Brents et al., 2011). Copyright permission granted by PLoS One open access license.Panel B: CP-55,940, JWH-018 and the M1-metabolite of JWH-018 activate G-proteins more potently and efficaciously than Δ9-THC. Originally published inBiochemical Pharmacology, 83:952, 2012 (Brents et al., 2012). Copyright permission granted by Elsevier.Panel C: JWH-018 and the M1-metabolite of JWH-018 produce greater levels of hypothermia than Δ9-THC. Originally published inBiochemical Pharmacology, 83:952, 2012 (Brents et al., 2012). Copyright permission granted by Elsevier.
Figure 3
Figure 3.In vivo andin vitro interactions between JWH-018 and JWH-073
Co- administration of JWH-018 and JWH-073 results in synergistic interactions for Δ9-THC drug discrimination (Panel A), analgesia (Panel B) and displacement of radioligand from CB1 receptors (Panel C). Data presented in all panels were originally published in theJournal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 346:350, 2012 (Brents et al., 2013). Copyright permission granted by ASPET.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Summary of known metabolism, excretion and downstream cellular signaling activity of JWH-018 and AM2201, two popular SCBs found in K2 products
“+” indicates agonism, “−” indicates antagonism, “X” indicates no binding affinity, “?” indicates not known.
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