Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

Atypon full text link Atypon Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

Share

.2013 Aug 26;368(1627):20130049.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0049. Print 2013.

Emiliania huxleyi increases calcification but not expression of calcification-related genes in long-term exposure to elevated temperature and pCO2

Affiliations

Emiliania huxleyi increases calcification but not expression of calcification-related genes in long-term exposure to elevated temperature and pCO2

Ina Benner et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci..

Abstract

Increased atmospheric pCO2 is expected to render future oceans warmer and more acidic than they are at present. Calcifying organisms such as coccolithophores that fix and export carbon into the deep sea provide feedbacks to increasing atmospheric pCO2. Acclimation experiments suggest negative effects of warming and acidification on coccolithophore calcification, but the ability of these organisms to adapt to future environmental conditions is not well understood. Here, we tested the combined effect of pCO2 and temperature on the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi over more than 700 generations. Cells increased inorganic carbon content and calcification rate under warm and acidified conditions compared with ambient conditions, whereas organic carbon content and primary production did not show any change. In contrast to findings from short-term experiments, our results suggest that long-term acclimation or adaptation could change, or even reverse, negative calcification responses in E. huxleyi and its feedback to the global carbon cycle. Genome-wide profiles of gene expression using RNA-seq revealed that genes thought to be essential for calcification are not those that are most strongly differentially expressed under long-term exposure to future ocean conditions. Rather, differentially expressed genes observed here represent new targets to study responses to ocean acidification and warming.

Keywords: RNA-seq; acidification; climate change; coccolithophore; transcriptome.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Carbon to nitrogen (C : N) ratio of theE. huxleyi ((Lohm.) Hay and Mohler) cells at 215, 414 and 703 generation points under present ocean condition (383 ± 43 µatmpCO2, 20.0 ± 0.1°C; white bars) and future ocean condition (833 ± 68 µatmpCO2, 24.0 ± 0.2°C; black bars). Values are averages of two replicates with three measurements each; error bars show standard deviation. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) between treatments at each generation point. Dashed lines are the range of the C : N ratio in Fenget al. [23] with the same strain ofEmiliania huxleyi.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(a) PIC and (b) POC content ofEmiliania huxleyi at 215, 414 and 703 generation points under present ocean condition (383 ± 43 µatmpCO2, 20.0 ± 0.1°C; white bars) and future ocean condition (833 ± 68 µatmpCO2, 24.0 ± 0.2°C; black bars). Values are averages of two replicates with three measurements each; error bars show standard deviation. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) between treatments at each generation point.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
(a) Calcification rate and primary production (b) ofEmiliania huxleyi at 215 and 703 generation points under present ocean condition (383 ± 43 µatmpCO2, 20.0 ± 0.1°C; white bars) and future ocean condition (833 ± 68 µatmpCO2, 24.0 ± 0.2°C; black bars). No data for 414 generation point. Values are averages of two replicates with three measurements each; error bars show standard deviation. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) between treatments at each generation point.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Downregulated putative transcripts inEmiliania huxleyi grown under future ocean conditions at the 215 generation point.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Functional categorization of the upregulated putative transcripts inEmiliania huxleyi grown under future ocean conditions at the 215 generation point. (Online version in colour.)
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Major pathways in each functional categorization from figure 5 that were upregulated in future ocean conditions at the 215 generation point. For colours follow figure 5. (Online version in colour.)
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) data for calcification-related genes selected from the literature. Bars represent means±s.d. actin-normalized expression levels for each gene from two filters from each chemostat at each generation point under present ocean condition (383 ± 43 µatmpCO2, 20.0 ± 0.1°C; white bars) and future ocean condition (833 ± 68 µatmpCO2, 24.0 ± 0.2°C; black bars; electronic supplementary material, table S1). Each filter was assayed in three replicate qPCR reactions. If error bar horizontal lines are not visible, the error bars are larger than they-axis boundary.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Sabine CL, et al. 2004. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science 305, 367–371 (doi:10.1126/science.1097403) - DOI - PubMed
    1. Feely RA, Sabine CL, Lee K, Berelson W, Kleypas J, Fabry VJ, Millero FJ. 2004. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 system in the oceans. Science 305, 362–366 (doi:10.1126/science.1097329) - DOI - PubMed
    1. Beaufort L, et al. 2011. Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification. Nature 476, 80–83 (doi:10.1038/nature10295) - DOI - PubMed
    1. Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, et al. 2008. Phytoplankton calcification in a high-CO2 world. Science 320, 336–340 (doi:10.1126/science.1154122) - DOI - PubMed
    1. Riebesell U, Zondervan I, Rost B, Tortell PD, Zeebe RE, Morel FMM. 2000. Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 407, 364–367 (doi:10.1038/35030078) - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
Atypon full text link Atypon Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp