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.2013 Nov;48(11):1226-35.
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.002. Epub 2013 Aug 13.

Long-term calorie restriction decreases metabolic cost of movement and prevents decrease of physical activity during aging in rhesus monkeys

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Long-term calorie restriction decreases metabolic cost of movement and prevents decrease of physical activity during aging in rhesus monkeys

Yosuke Yamada et al. Exp Gerontol.2013 Nov.

Abstract

Background: Short-term (<1 year) calorie restriction (CR) has been reported to decrease physical activity and metabolic rate in humans and non-human primate models; however, studies examining the very long-term (>10 year) effect of CR on these parameters are lacking.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine metabolic and behavioral adaptations to long-term CR longitudinally in rhesus macaques.

Design: Eighteen (10 male, 8 female) control (C) and 24 (14 male, 10 female) age matched CR rhesus monkeys between 19.6 and 31.9 years old were examined after 13 and 18 years of moderate adult-onset CR. Energy expenditure (EE) was examined by doubly labeled water (DLW; TEE) and respiratory chamber (24 h EE). Physical activity was assessed both by metabolic equivalent (MET) in a respiratory chamber and by an accelerometer. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was also calculated. Age and fat-free mass were included as covariates.

Results: Adjusted total and 24 h EE were not different between C and CR. Sleeping metabolic rate was significantly lower, and physical activity level was higher in CR than in C independent from the CR-induced changes in body composition. The duration of physical activity above 1.6 METs was significantly higher in CR than in C, and CR had significantly higher accelerometer activity counts than C. Metabolic cost of movements during 24 h was significantly lower in CR than in C. The accelerometer activity counts were significantly decreased after seven years in C animals, but not in CR animals.

Conclusions: The results suggest that long-term CR decreases basal metabolic rate, but maintains higher physical activity with lower metabolic cost of movements compared with C.

Keywords: Adaptation; Caloric restriction; Energy cost of movement; Energy expenditure; Physical activity; Rhesus monkey.

© 2013.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time-series of the activity count (A) and metabolic equivalent intensities (METs) (B) for C and CR animals in the metabolic chamber. The animals were taken out of the chamber between 7:00–8:00 (↔) for recalibration of the equipment (2007–2008). Data are shown as Mean ± SEM.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Activity counts during the 12h of light (day) and dark (night) for C and CR animals. Although there was no significant difference between C and CR during the night, a significant difference (* P<0.05) was observed during the day (2007–8). Data are shown as Mean ± SD.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The longitudinal change of accelerometer daily activity counts in home cages measured each year between 1999 and 2008 for 24hr (A), day time (B), night (C), morning (D), and afternoon (E) activity counts. Except for night-time, a significant time × group interaction was observed. Activity counts were significantly decreased with time in C animals, but not in CR animals. ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001; significantly lower than 2000 period. † P<0.05, †† P<0.01; significantly lower than CR group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Duration of physical activity in the respiratory chamber for the range of metabolic equivalent intensities. Logarithmic transformations were applied because the data could not be regarded as a normal distribution. * Significantly higher than C group (P<0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Summary calculation of incremental cost of activity using regression as shown for energy expenditure per kg against activity count based on 1-hour averages obtained in the metabolic chamber (A). Cost of activity (COA) was determined as the slope of the linear regression. Postural and TEF costs were estimated as the difference between the y-intercept of the metabolic rate on activity counts least squares linear regression and SMR. (B) The data show a representative C monkey and a representative CR monkey.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cost of activity (COA) unadjusted or adjusted for body weight during assessments in the metabolic chamber. The CR monkeys had significantly lower unadjusted COA and COA adjusted by body mass (BM), BM0.67, and SMR than C monkeys. Data are shown as Mean ± SD.
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