Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

Wiley full text link Wiley Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

Meta-Analysis
.2013 Jul 31;2013(7):CD004947.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub3.

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth

Jodie M Dodd et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev..

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth is a major complication of pregnancy associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm labour has been advocated.

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth for women considered to be at increased risk of preterm birth and their infants.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (14 January 2013) and reviewed the reference list of all articles.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials, in which progesterone was given for preventing preterm birth.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently evaluated trials for methodological quality and extracted data.

Main results: Thirty-six randomised controlled trials (8523 women and 12,515 infants) were included. Progesterone versus placebo for women with a past history of spontaneous preterm birth Progesterone was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of perinatal mortality (six studies; 1453 women; risk ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33 to 0.75), preterm birth less than 34 weeks (five studies; 602 women; average RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.69), infant birthweight less than 2500 g (four studies; 692 infants; RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.79), use of assisted ventilation (three studies; 633 women; RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.90), necrotising enterocolitis (three studies; 1170 women; RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.89), neonatal death (six studies; 1453 women; RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.76), admission to neonatal intensive care unit (three studies; 389 women; RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.40), preterm birth less than 37 weeks (10 studies; 1750 women; average RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.74) and a statistically significant increase in pregnancy prolongation in weeks (one study; 148 women; mean difference (MD) 4.47, 95% CI 2.15 to 6.79). No differential effects in terms of route of administration, time of commencing therapy and dose of progesterone were observed for the majority of outcomes examined. Progesterone versus placebo for women with a short cervix identified on ultrasound Progesterone was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of preterm birth less than 34 weeks (two studies; 438 women; RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.90), preterm birth at less than 28 weeks' gestation (two studies; 1115 women; RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.93) and increased risk of urticaria in women when compared with placebo (one study; 654 women; RR 5.03, 95% CI 1.11 to 22.78). It was not possible to assess the effect of route of progesterone administration, gestational age at commencing therapy, or total cumulative dose of medication. Progesterone versus placebo for women with a multiple pregnancy Progesterone was associated with no statistically significant differences for the reported outcomes. Progesterone versus no treatment/placebo for women following presentation with threatened preterm labour Progesterone, was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of infant birthweight less than 2500 g (one study; 70 infants; RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.98). Progesterone versus placebo for women with 'other' risk factors for preterm birth Progesterone, was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of infant birthweight less than 2500 g (three studies; 482 infants; RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.91).

Authors' conclusions: The use of progesterone is associated with benefits in infant health following administration in women considered to be at increased risk of preterm birth due either to a prior preterm birth or where a short cervix has been identified on ultrasound examination. However, there is limited information available relating to longer-term infant and childhood outcomes, the assessment of which remains a priority.Further trials are required to assess the optimal timing, mode of administration and dose of administration of progesterone therapy when given to women considered to be at increased risk of early birth.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

J Dodd, V Flenady and C Crowther are investigators in a randomised trial assessing the use of progesterone for prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (The PROGRESS Trial).

Figures

1
1
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth, outcome: 1.3 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 1 Perinatal mortality.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 3 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 4 Threatened preterm labour.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 5 Spontaneous vaginal delivery.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 6 Caesarean section.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 7 Antenatal corticosteroids.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 8 Antenatal tocolysis.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 9 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 10 Respiratory distress syndrome.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 11 Use of assisted ventilation.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 12 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 13 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grade III or IV.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 14 Periventricular leucomalacia.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 15 Retinopathy of prematurity.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 16 Necrotising enterocolitis.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 17 Neonatal sepsis.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 18 Patent ductus arteriosus.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 19 Intrauterine fetal death.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 20 Neonatal death.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 21 Developmental delay.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 22 Intellectual impairment.
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 23 Motor Impairment.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 24 Visual Impairment.
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 25 Hearing Impairment.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 26 Cerebral palsy.
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 27 Learning difficulties.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 28 Height less than 5th centile.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 29 Weight less than 5th centile.
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 30 Adverse drug reaction.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 31 Pregnancy prolongation (weeks).
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 32 Apgar score< 7.
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 33 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 34 Neonatal length of hospital stay (days).
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 35 Infant weight at 6 months follow‐up (g).
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 36 Infant weight at 12 months follow‐up (g).
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 37 Infant weight at 24 months follow‐up (g).
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 38 Infant length at 6 months follow‐up (cm).
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 39 Infant length at 12 months follow‐up (cm).
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 40 Infant length at 24 months follow‐up (cm).
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 41 Infant head circumference at 6 months follow‐up (cm).
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 42 Infant head circumference at 12 months follow‐up (cm).
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth (singletons), Outcome 43 Infant head circumference at 24 months follow‐up (cm).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk, singletons), Outcome 1 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 3 Threatened preterm labour.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 4 Caesarean section.
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 5 Antenatal corticosteroids.
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 6 Need for tocolysis.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 7 Respiratory distress syndrome.
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 8 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades.
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 9 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grade III or IV.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 10 Necrotising enterocolitis.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 11 Intrauterine fetal death.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: previous history spontaneous preterm birth by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg, singletons), Outcome 12 Neonatal death.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 3 Preterm labour.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 4 Prelabour spontaneous rupture of membranes.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 5 Side effects (any).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 6 Side effects (injection site).
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 7 Side effects (urticaria).
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 8 Side effects (nausea).
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 9 Pregnancy prolongation (days).
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 10 Caesarean section.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 11 Antenatal tocolysis.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 12 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 13 Preterm birth less than 28 weeks.
4.14
4.14. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 14 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
4.15
4.15. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 15 Respiratory distress syndrome.
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 16 Apgar score< 7.
4.17
4.17. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 17 Need for assisted ventilation.
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 18 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades.
4.19
4.19. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 19 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades III or IV.
4.20
4.20. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 20 Periventricular leucomalacia.
4.21
4.21. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 21 Retinopathy of prematurity.
4.22
4.22. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 22 Necrotising enterocolitis.
4.23
4.23. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 23 Neonatal sepsis.
4.24
4.24. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 24 Intrauterine fetal death.
4.25
4.25. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 25 Neonatal death.
4.26
4.26. Analysis
Comparison 4 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons, Outcome 26 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons by cumulative weekly dose (<500 mg v >=500 mg), Outcome 1 Periventricular leucomalacia.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Progesterone versus placebo: ultrasound identified short cervix, singletons by cumulative weekly dose (<500 mg v >=500 mg), Outcome 2 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 3 Preterm PROM.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 4 Adverse drug reaction.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 5 Caesarean section.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 6 Spontaneous birth.
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 7 Assisted birth.
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 8 Satisfaction with therapy.
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 9 Antenatal tocolysis.
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 10 Antenatal corticosteroids.
6.11
6.11. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 11 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
6.12
6.12. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 12 Preterm birth less than 28 weeks.
6.13
6.13. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 13 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
6.14
6.14. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 14 Apgar score< 7 at 5 minutes.
6.15
6.15. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 15 Respiratory distress syndrome.
6.16
6.16. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 16 Use of assisted ventilation.
6.17
6.17. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 17 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ grades III or IV.
6.18
6.18. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 18 Intraventricular haemorrhage ‐ all grades.
6.19
6.19. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 19 Periventricular leucomalacia.
6.20
6.20. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 20 Retinopathy of prematurity.
6.21
6.21. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 21 Chronic lung disease.
6.22
6.22. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 22 Necrotising enterocolitis.
6.23
6.23. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 23 Neonatal sepsis.
6.24
6.24. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 24 Fetal death.
6.25
6.25. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 25 Neonatal death.
6.26
6.26. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 26 Admission to NICU.
6.27
6.27. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 27 Perinatal death.
6.28
6.28. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 28 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
6.29
6.29. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 29 Preterm PROM.
6.30
6.30. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 30 Caesarean section.
6.31
6.31. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 31 Antenatal tocolysis.
6.32
6.32. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 32 Antenatal corticosteroids.
6.33
6.33. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 33 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
6.34
6.34. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 34 Preterm birth less than 28 weeks.
6.35
6.35. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 35 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
6.36
6.36. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 36 Apgar score< 7 at 5 minutes.
6.37
6.37. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 37 Use of assisted ventilation.
6.38
6.38. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 38 Fetal death.
6.39
6.39. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 39 Neonatal death.
6.40
6.40. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 40 Admission to NICU.
6.41
6.41. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 41 Sensitivity analysis for perinatal death (assuming total non‐independence).
6.42
6.42. Analysis
Comparison 6 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, Outcome 42 Sensitivity analysis for perinatal death (assuming 1% non‐independence).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk), Outcome 1 Preterm birth< 37 weeks.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk), Outcome 2 Neonatal death.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk), Outcome 3 Admission to NICU.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 3 Antenatal tocolysis.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 4 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 5 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 6 Respiratory distress syndrome.
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 7 Fetal death.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 Progesterone versus placebo: multiple pregnancy by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 8 Admission to NICU.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks' gestation.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 3 Pregnancy prolongation (days).
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 4 Pregnancy prolongation ‐ less than 1 week.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 5 Pregnancy prolongation ‐ 1.0 to 1.9 weeks.
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 6 Pregnancy prolongation ‐ 2 weeks or more.
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 7 Spontaneous birth.
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 8 Caesarean section.
9.9
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 9 Use of tocolysis.
9.10
9.10. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 10 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation.
9.11
9.11. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 11 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
9.12
9.12. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 12 Respiratory distress syndrome.
9.13
9.13. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 13 Intraventricular haemorrhage grade III or IV.
9.14
9.14. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 14 Periventricular leucomalacia.
9.15
9.15. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 15 Use of assisted ventilation.
9.16
9.16. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 16 Necrotizing enterocolitis.
9.17
9.17. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 17 Neonatal sepsis.
9.18
9.18. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 18 Fetal death.
9.19
9.19. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 19 Neonatal death.
9.20
9.20. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 20 Neonatal length of hospital stay (days).
9.21
9.21. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 21 Apgar score less than seven at five minutes.
9.22
9.22. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 22 Prelabour spontaneous rupture of membranes.
9.23
9.23. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 23 Preterm birth less than 28 weeks' gestation.
9.24
9.24. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 24 Apgar score less than seven at five minutes.
9.25
9.25. Analysis
Comparison 9 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, Outcome 25 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 1 Pregnancy prolongation (days).
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks' gestation.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 3 Respiratory distress syndrome.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 4 Neonatal sepsis.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Progesterone versus placebo/no treatment: prior threatened preterm labour, singletons, by cumulative weekly dose (< 500 mg v >= 500 mg), Outcome 5 Neonatal death.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 34 weeks.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 3 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 4 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 5 Intrauterine fetal death.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 6 Neonatal death.
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, singletons, Outcome 7 Admission to neonatal intensive care unit.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk, singletons), Outcome 1 Perinatal death.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk, singletons), Outcome 2 Preterm birth less than 37 weeks.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 Progesterone versus placebo: other reason at risk of preterm birth, by timing of commencement (< 20 wk v > 20 wk, singletons), Outcome 3 Infant birthweight less than 2500 g.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Aboulghar 2012 {published data only}
    1. Aboulghar MM, Aboulghar MA, Amin YM, Al‐Inany HG, Mansour RT, Serour GI. The use of vaginal natural progesterone for prevention of preterm birth in IVF/ICSI pregnancies. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2012;25(2):133‐8. - PubMed
Akbari 2009 {published data only}
    1. Akbari S, Birjandi M, Mohtasham N. Evaluation of the effect of progesterone on prevention of preterm delivery and its complications. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 2009;14(3):11‐9.
Borna 2008 {published data only}
    1. Borna S, Sahabi N. Progesterone for maintenance tocolytic therapy after threatened preterm labour: a randomised controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;48(1):58‐63. - PubMed
    1. Borna S, Shakoie S, Borna H. Progesterone for maintenance tocolytic therapy after threatened preterm labor. Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2008; Vol. 21, issue Suppl 1:151‐2.
Briery 2011 {published data only}
    1. Briery C, Veillon E, Klauser CK, Martin R, Chauhan S, Magann EF, et al. Women with prolonged premature rupture of the membrane do not benefit from weekly progesterone: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;201(6 Suppl 1):S189. - PubMed
    1. Briery CM, Veillon EW, Klauser CK, Martin RW, Chauhan SP, Magann EF, et al. Progesterone does not prevent preterm births in women with twins. Southern Medical Journal 2009;102(9):900‐4. - PubMed
    1. Briery CM, Veillon EW, Klauser CK, Martin RW, Magann EF, Chauhan SP, et al. Women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes do not benefit from weekly progesterone. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(1):54.e1‐5. - PubMed
Caritis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Caritis SN, Rouse DJ, Peaceman AM, Sciscione A, Momirova V, Spong CY, et al. Prevention of preterm birth in triplets using 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2009;113(2 Pt 1):285‐92. - PMC - PubMed
Cetingoz 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cetingoz E, Cam C, Sakalli M, Karateke A, Celik C, Sancak A. Progesterone effects on preterm birth in high‐risk pregnancies: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;283(3):423‐9. - PubMed
Combs 2010 {published data only}
    1. Combs CA, Garite T, Maurel K, Das A, Porto M, for the OCRN. Failure of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone to reduce neonatal morbidity or prolong triplet pregnancy: a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;203(3):248.e1‐9. - PubMed
    1. Combs CA, Garite T, Porto M, Maurel K, for the OCRN. 17‐hydroxyprogesterone for triplet pregnancy does not reduce prematurity or neonatal morbidity, may increase midtrimester loss. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;201(6 Suppl 1):S168.
    1. Heitmann E, Lu G, Combs CA, Garite TJ, Maurel K. The impact of maternal weight upon the effectiveness of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone in preventing preterm birth among twin gestations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(Suppl 1):S98.
    1. Maurel K, Combs A. 17OHP for reduction of neonatal morbidity due to preterm birth (PTB) in twin and triplet pregnancies.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
Combs 2011 {published data only}
    1. Combs CA, Garite T, Maurel K, Das A, Porto M, for theOCRN. 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for twin pregnancy: a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204:221.e1‐8. - PubMed
    1. Combs CA, Garite TJ, Maurel K, Cebrik D. 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for women with history of preterm birth in a prior pregnancy and twins in the current pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(Suppl 1):S213.
    1. Combs CA, Maurel K, Garite T, for theOCRN. 17‐hydroxyprogesterone for twin pregnancy: no reduction in prematurity or neonatal morbidity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;204(1 Suppl 1):S7. - PubMed
    1. Maurel K, Combs A. 17OHP for reduction of neonatal morbidity due to preterm birth (PTB) in twin and triplet pregnancies.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
Combs 2011a {published data only}
    1. Combs CA, Garite TJ, Maurel K, Mallory K, Edwards RK, Lu G, et al. 17‐Hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prolong pregnancy after preterm rupture of the membranes: early termination of a double‐blind, randomized clinical trial. BMC Research Notes 2011;4(1):568. - PMC - PubMed
da Fonseca 2003 {published data only}
    1. Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MH, Zugaib M. Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind study. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;188(2):419‐24. - PubMed
    1. Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MHB, Martinelli S, Zugaib M. Uterine contraction monitoring in pregnant women using vaginal natural progesterone. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2001;29 Suppl 1(Pt 2):525.
Elsheikhah 2010 {published data only}
    1. Elsheikhah AZ, Dahab S, Negm S, Ebrashy A. Effect of prophylactic progesterone on incidence of preterm labour in spontaneous twin pregnancy, randomized controlled study. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;36(Suppl 1):108.
Facchinetti 2007 {published data only}
    1. Facchinetti F, Dante G, Venturini P, Paganelli S, Volpe A. 17alpha‐hydroxy‐progesterone effects on cervical proinflammatory agents in women at risk for preterm delivery. American Journal of Perinatology 2008;25(8):503‐6. - PubMed
    1. Facchinetti F, Paganelli S, Comitinit G, Dante G, Volpe A. Cervical length changes during preterm cervical ripening: effects of 17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;196:453e1‐453e4. - PubMed
    1. Facchinetti F, Paganelli S, Venturini P, Dante G. 17 alpha hydroxy‐progesterone caproate (17P) treatment reduced cervical shortening inhibiting cervical interleukin‐1 secretion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S5.
Fonseca 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fonseca EB, Celik E, Parra M, Singh M, Nicolaides KH. Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357:462‐9. - PubMed
Glover 2011 {published data only}
    1. Glover M, Croom CS, Sonek JD, Kovac C, McKenna D. A randomized placebo controlled trial of oral micronized progesterone to prevent recurrent preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;201(6 Suppl 1):S172.
    1. Glover MM, McKenna DS, Downing CM, Smith DB, Croom CS, Sonek JD. A randomized trial of micronized progesterone for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth. American Journal of Perinatology 2011;28(5):377‐81. - PubMed
Grobman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Grobman W. RCT of progesterone to prevent preterm birth in nulliparous women with a short cervix.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Grobman W. Randomized controlled trial of progesterone treatment for preterm birth prevention in nulliparous women with cervical length less than 30 mm. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(Suppl 1):S367.
    1. Grobman WA, Thom EA, Spong CY, Iams JD, Saade GR, Mercer BM, et al. 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent prematurity in nulliparas with cervical length less than 30 mm. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;207(5):390.e1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Hartikainen 1980 {published data only}
    1. Hartikainen‐Sorri AL, Kauppila A, Tuimala R. Inefficacy of 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the prevention of prematurity in twin pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1980;56(6):692‐5. - PubMed
    1. Hartikainen‐Sorri AL, Kauppila A, Tuimala R. Management of twin pregnancy with 17 alpha‐ hydroxyprogesterone caproate [abstract]. 9th World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1979 October 26‐31; Tokyo, Japan. 1979:298‐9.
Hassan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hassan SS, Romero R, Vidyadhari D, Fusey S, Baxter JK, Khandelwal M, et al. Vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix: a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;38(1):18‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Hauth 1983 {published data only}
    1. Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Brekken AL, Hauth JM. The effect of 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate on pregnancy outcome in an active‐duty military population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1983;146(2):187‐90. - PubMed
Ibrahim 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim M, Mohamed Ramy AR, Younis MA‐F. Progesterone supplementation for prevention of preterm labor: a randomized controlled trial. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 2010;15(1):39‐41.
Johnson 1975 {published data only}
    1. Johnson JWC, Austin KL, Jones GS, Davis GH, King TM. Efficacy of 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate in the prevention of premature labor. New England Journal of Medicine 1975;293(14):675‐80. - PubMed
    1. Klebanoff M, for the NICHD MFMU Network. Impact of 17alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate administration on salivary progesterone and estriol [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S140.
Lim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bruinse HW. 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone in multiple pregnancies to prevent handicapped infants (The AMPHIA Study).http://www.controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Lim AC. The effect of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on cervical length in multiple pregnancies. Reproductive Sciences 2010;17(3 Suppl 1):282A.
    1. Lim AC, Bloemenkamp KW, Boer K, Duvekot JJ, Erwich JJ, Hasaart TH, et al. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in women with multiple pregnancies: the AMPHIA trial. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth 2007; Vol. 7:7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lim AC, Schuit E, Bloemenkamp K, Bernardus RE, Duvekot JJ, Erwich JJ, et al. 17alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of adverse neonatal outcome in multiple pregnancies: A randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2011;118(3):513‐20. - PubMed
    1. Lim AC, for the ASG. Is second trimester cervical length a predictor for an effect of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on neonatal morbidity in multiple pregnancies? Results from the AMPHIA trial (ISRCTN40512715). Reproductive Sciences 2010;17(3 Suppl 1):282A.
Majhi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Majhi P, Bagga R, Kalra J, Sharma M. Intravaginal use of natural micronised progesterone to prevent pre‐term birth: a randomised trial in India. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009;29(6):493‐8. - PubMed
Meis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gyamfi C, Horton AL, Momirova V, Rouse DJ, Caritis SN, Peaceman AM, et al. The effect of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the risk of gestational diabetes in singleton or twin pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2009;201(4):392.e1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Klebanoff MA, Meis PJ, Dombrowski MP, Zhao Y, Moawad AH, Northen A, et al. Salivary progesterone and estriol among pregnant women treated with 17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;199(5):506.e1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Koontz G. Does gestational age at randomization affect the efficacy of alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHCP) in preventing recurrent preterm delivery? [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;193(6 Suppl 1):S55.
    1. Manuck TA, Lai Y, Meis PJ, Dombrowski MP, Sibai B, Spong CY, et al. Progesterone receptor polymorphisms and clinical response to 17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;205(2):135.e1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Meis P, NICHD MFMU Network. More than one previous preterm delivery and the risk of preterm birth in women treated with 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone (17P) [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;189(6):S168.
Moghtadaei 2008 {published data only}
    1. Moghtadaei P, Sardari F, Latifi M. Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth and improvement in pregnancy outcomes among primiparae of advanced maternal age. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2008; Vol. 93, issue Suppl 1:Fa71.
    1. Moghtadei P, Sardari F, Latifi M. Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth and improvement pregnancy outcomes among primiparae of advanced maternal age. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2008; Vol. 21, issue Suppl 1:122.
Ndoni 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ndoni E, Bimbashi A, Dokle A, Kallfa E. Treatment with different types of progesterone in prevention of preterm delivery. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2010;23(S1):305.
Norman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eddama O, Petrou S, Regier D, Norrie J, MacLennan G, MacKenzie F, et al. Study of progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twins (STOPPIT): findings from a trial‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2010;26(2):141‐8. - PubMed
    1. Norman J. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Norman JE, Mackenzie F, Owen P, Mactier H, Hanretty K, Cooper S, et al. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study and meta‐analysis. Lancet 2009;373(9680):2034‐40. - PubMed
    1. Norman JE, Yuan M, Anderson L, Howie F, Harold G, Young A, et al. Effect of prolonged in vivo administration of progesterone in pregnancy on myometrial gene expression, peripheral blood leukocyte activation, and circulating steroid hormone levels. Reproductive Sciences 2011;18(5):435‐46. - PubMed
O'Brien 2007 {published data only}
    1. DeFranco EA, O'Brien JM, Adair CD, Lewis DF, Hall DR, Fusey S, et al. Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; Vol. 30, issue 5:697‐705. - PubMed
    1. Defranco E, O'Brien J, Adair J, Lewis DF, Hall D, Phillips J, et al. Is there a racial disparity of progesterone to prevent preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; Vol. 197, issue 6 Suppl 1:S200, Abstract no: 702.
    1. O'Brien J, Defranco E, Adair D, Lewis DF, Hall D, Bsharat M, et al. Progesterone reduces the rate of cervical shortening in women at risk for preterm birth: secondary analysis from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007; Vol. 197, issue 6 Suppl 1:S7, Abstract no: 15.
    1. O'Brien J, Defranco E, Hall D, Creasy G. Natural progesterone administration and the risk of medical complications of pregnancy: secondary analysis from a multinational, randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008; Vol. 199, issue 6 Suppl 1:S139.
    1. O'Brien J, Defranco E, Hall D, Phillips J, Creasy G. Do other elements of the obstetrical history provide a possible indication for progesterone supplementation? Secondary analysis from the progesterone vaginal gel trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008; Vol. 199, issue 6 Suppl 1:S42.
Papiernik 1970 {published data only}
    1. Papiernik‐Berkhauer E. Double blind study of an agent to prevent preterm delivery among women at increased risk [Etude en double aveugle d'un medicament prevenant la survenue prematuree de l'accouchement chez les femmes a risque eleve d'accouchement premature]. Edition Schering Serie IV 1970; Vol. 3:65‐8.
Rai 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rai P, Rajaram S, Goel N, Ayalur Gopalakrishnan R, Agarwal R, Mehta S. Oral micronized progesterone for prevention of preterm birth. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2009;104(1):40‐3. - PubMed
Rode 2011 {published data only}
    1. Klein K, Rode L, Nicolaides K, Krampl‐Bettelheim E, Larsen H, Holmskov A, et al. Vaginal progesterone and the risk of preterm delivery in high‐risk twin gestations ‐ secondary analysis of a placebo‐controlled randomized trial. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;38(S1):11. - PubMed
    1. Klein K, Rode L, Nicolaides KH, Krampl‐Bettelheim E, Tabor A, PREDICT Group. Vaginal micronized progesterone and risk of preterm delivery in high‐risk twin pregnancies: secondary analysis of a placebo‐controlled randomized trial and meta‐analysis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;38(3):281‐7. - PubMed
    1. Rode L. The PREDICT study.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Rode L, Klein K, Nicolaides K, Krampl‐Bettelheim E, Vogel I, Larsen H, et al. Prevention of preterm delivery in twin gestations (PREDICT): a multicentre randomised placebo‐controlled trial on the effect of vaginal micronised progesterone. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;38(Suppl 1):1. - PubMed
    1. Rode L, Klein K, Nicolaides KH, Krampl‐Bettelheim E, Tabor A, PREDICT G. Prevention of preterm delivery in twin gestations (PREDICT): a multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial on the effect of vaginal micronized progesterone. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2011;38(3):272‐80. - PubMed
Rouse 2007 {published data only}
    1. Caritis S, Rouse D. A randomized controlled trial of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) for the prevention of preterm birth in twins. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S2.
    1. Caritis SN, Simhan H. Relationship of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC) concentrations and gestational age at delivery in twins. 55th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Investigation; 2008 March 26‐29; San Diego, USA 2008:Abstract no: 139.
    1. Caritis SN, Simhan HN, Zhao Y, Rouse DJ, Peaceman AM, Sciscione A, et al. Relationship between 17‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate concentrations and gestational age at delivery in twin gestation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;207(5):396.e1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Caritis SN, Venkat R. Impact of body mass index (BMI) on plasma concentrations of 17‐alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17‐OHPC). 55th Annual Meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Investigation; 2008 March 26‐29; San Diego, USA 2008:Abstract no: 138.
    1. Durnwald C. The impact of cervical length on risk of preterm birth in twin gestations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008; Vol. 199, issue 6 Suppl 1:S10.
Rozenberg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rozenberg P. Efficacy of 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm delivery.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Rozenberg P, Chauveaud A, Deruelle P, Capelle M, Winer N, Desbriere R, et al. Prevention of preterm delivery after successful tocolysis in preterm labor by 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2012;206(3):206.e1‐9. - PubMed
    1. Rozenberg P, Deruelle P, Chauveaud A, Capelle M, Winer N, Porcher R, et al. Prevention of preterm delivery after successful tocolysis in preterm labour by 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(Suppl 1):S2‐S3. - PubMed
Saghafi 2011a {published data only}
    1. Saghafi N, Khadem N, Mohajeri T, Shakeri MT. Efficacy of 17alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate in prevention of preterm delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2011;37(10):1342‐5. - PubMed
    1. Saghafi N, Khadem N, Mohajeri T, Shakeri MT, Amini M. Efficacy of 17alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate in preterm delivery prevention. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2011;14(2):28‐33. - PubMed
Senat 2012 {published data only}
    1. Senat MV, Winer N, Porcher R, Rozenberg P. Prevention of preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with twin pregnancy by 17 alpha‐Hydroxyprogesterone caproate: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2012;25(S2):14.
Serra 2013 {published data only}
    1. Serra V. Natural progesterone and preterm birth in twins.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Serra V, Perales A, Meseguer J, Parrilla J, Lara C, Bellver J, et al. Increased doses of vaginal progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancies: a randomised controlled double‐blind multicentre trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2013;120(1):50‐7. - PubMed
Sharami 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sharami SH, Zahiri Z, Shakiba M, Milani F. Maintenance therapy by vaginal progesterone after threatened idiopathic preterm labor: a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility 2010;4(2):45‐50.

References to studies excluded from this review

Abbott 2012 {published data only}
    1. Abbott D. Relationship between cervical‐vaginal fluid elafin concentrations and subsequent cervical shortening in women at high risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Reproductive Sciences 2012;19(3Suppl):73A.
Arikan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Arikan I, Barut A, Harma M, Harma IM. Effect of progesterone as a tocolytic and in maintenance therapy during preterm labor. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2011;72(4):269‐73. - PubMed
Berghella 2010 {published data only}
    1. Berghella V, Figueroa D, Szychowski JM, Owen J, Hankins GD, Iams JD, et al. 17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of preterm birth in women with prior preterm birth and a short cervical length. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2010;202(4):351.e1‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Breart 1979 {published data only}
    1. Breart G, Lanfranchi M, Chavigny C, Rumeau‐Rouquette C, Sureau C. A comparative study of the efficiency of hydroxyprogesterone caproate and of chlormadinone acetate in the prevention of premature labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 1979;16(5):381‐4. - PubMed
Brenner 1962 {published data only}
    1. Brenner WE, Hendricks CH. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate upon the duration and characteristics of human gestation and labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1962;83:1094‐8. - PubMed
Chandiramani 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chandiramani M. Serum progesterone concentrations in women with a previous preterm birth treated with vaginal progesterone supplementation. Reproductive Sciences 2012;19(3Suppl):189A.
Corrado 2002 {published data only}
    1. Corrado F, Dugo C, Cannata M, Bartolo M, Scilipoti A, Stella N. A randomised trial of progesterone prophylaxis after midtrimester amniocentesis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2002;100(2):196‐8. - PubMed
Hobel 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hobel CJ, Bemis RL. West Area Los Angeles prematurity prevention demonstration project. In: Papiernik E, Breart G, Spira N editor(s). Prevention of Preterm Birth. Paris: INSERM, 1986:205‐22.
    1. Hobel CJ, Bragonier R, Ross M, Bear M, Bemis R, Mori B. West Los Angeles premature prevention program: significant impact. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1987;15:112.
    1. Hobel CJ, Ross MG, Bemis RL, Bragonier JR, Bear M, Mori B. West Los Angeles preterm birth prevention project (LAPPP): program impact. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1992;166:363. - PubMed
    1. Hobel CJ, Ross MG, Bemis RL, Bragonier JR, Nessim S, Sandhu M, et al. The West Los Angeles preterm birth prevention project: I. program impact on high‐risk women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1994;170:54‐62. - PubMed
Ionescu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ionescu AC, Gheorghiu D, Pacu I, Davitoiu B, Dimitriu M, Haradja H. Randomized trial of cerclage and progesterone to prevent spontaneous preterm brith in high‐risk women with a short cervix. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2012;39 Suppl:Abstract no. 008.
Keeler 2009 {published data only}
    1. Keeler SM, Kiefer D, Rochon M, Quinones JN, Novetsky AP, Rust O. A randomized trial of cerclage vs. 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate for treatment of short cervix. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2009;37(5):473‐9. - PubMed
Le Vine 1964 {published data only}
    1. Vine L. Habitual abortion. A controlled clinical study of progestational therapy. Western Journal of Surgical Obstetrics and Gynecology 1964;72:30‐6. - PubMed
Rust 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rust O, Larkin R, Roberts W, Quinones J, Rochon M, Reed J, et al. A randomized trial of cerclage versus 17 hydroxyprogesterone for the treatment of short cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S112.
Suvonnakote 1986 {published data only}
    1. Suvonnakote T. Prevention of preterm labour with progesterone. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 1986;69(10):538‐42. - PubMed
Turner 1966 {published data only}
    1. Turner SJ, Mizock GB, Feldman GL. Prolonged gynecologic and endocrine manifestations subsequent to administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate during pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1966;95(2):222‐7. - PubMed
Walch 2005 {published data only}
    1. Walch K, Hefler L, Nagele F. Oral dydrogesterone treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy: the prevention of miscarriage study. A double blind, prospectively randomised placebo controlled parallel group trial. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2005;18(4):265‐9. - PubMed
Yemini 1985 {published data only}
    1. Yemini M, Borenstein R, Dreazen E, Apelman Z, Mogilner B, Kessler I, et al. Prevention of premature labor by 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1985;151(5):574‐7. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Coomarasamy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Coomarasamy A. First trimester progesterone therapy in women with a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriages: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled multi‐centre trial (The PROMISE [PROgesterone in recurrent MIScarriagE] Trial). http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN92644181/ISRCTN92644181 (accessed 11.01.2012). - PMC - PubMed
Creasy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Creasy GW. The effect of vaginal progesterone administration in the prevention of preterm birth in women with a short cervix.ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 2008).
Crowther 2007 {published data only}
    1. Armson BA, Dodd J, for the POPPI Collaborative Trial Group. POPPI: prevention of problems of preterm birth with progesterone in women at increased risk: a multicentre randomised controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2007;43:A29.
    1. Ashwood P. Progesterone after previous preterm birth for the prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. WOMBAT Collaboration (www.wombatcollaboration.net/trials) (accessed 4 October 2006).
    1. Crowther CA, Dodd JM, McPhee AJ, Flenady V. Australasian Collaborative Trial of Vaginal Progesterone Therapy (The PROGRESS Trial).http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Dodd JM, Crowther CA, McPhee AJ, Flenady V, Robinson JS. Progesterone after previous preterm birth for prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (PROGRESS): a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2009;9:6. - PMC - PubMed
Martinez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Matrinez de Tajada B. Vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm delivery in women with preterm labor.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
Nassar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nassar A. Prevention of preterm delivery in twin pregnancies by 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
    1. Nassar A, Awwad J, Succar J, Saassouh W, Khalife T, Hayek S, et al. Incidence of GDM in twin pregnancies of women receiving prophylactic 17‐A OH progesterone caproate. Journal of Maternal‐Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 2010;23(S1):307‐8.
Norman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Norman JE, Shennan A, Bennett P, Thornton S, Robson S, Marlow N, et al. Trial protocol OPPTIMUM‐ Does progesterone prophylaxis for the prevention of preterm labour improve outcome?. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 2012;12(1):79. [PUBMED: 22866909] - PMC - PubMed
Perlitz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Perlitz Y. Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by a natural progesterone agent.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).
Starkey 2008 {published data only}
    1. Starkey M. Comparing IM vs. vaginal progesterone for pre‐term birth.ClinicalTrials.gov (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) (accessed 20 April 2008).
Swaby 2007 {published data only}
    1. Swaby C. Pilot randomized controlled trial of vaginal progesterone to prevent preterm birth in multiple pregnancy. JOGC: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2007; Vol. 29, issue 6 Suppl 1:S47.
van Os 2011 {published data only}
    1. Os MA, Ven JA, Kleinrouweler CE, Pajkrt E, Miranda E, Wassenaer A, et al. Preventing preterm birth with progesterone: Costs and effects of screening low risk women with a singleton pregnancy for short cervical length, the Triple P study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2011;11:77. - PMC - PubMed
Wood 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wood S. Vaginal progesterone versus placebo in multiple pregnancy.http://controlledtrials.com (accessed 2007).

Additional references

ACOG 2003
    1. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Committee opinion: use of progesterone to reduce preterm birth. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2003;102:1115‐6. - PubMed
Adams 2000
    1. Adams MM, Elam‐Evans LD, Wilson HG, Gilbertz DA. Rates and factors associated with recurrence of preterm delivery. JAMA 2000;283(12):1591‐6. - PubMed
AIHW 2003
    1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's Mothers and Babies 2000. National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2003.
Alfirevic 2012
    1. Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Roberts D, Jorgensen AL. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008991.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Astle 2003
    1. Astle S, Slater DM, Thornton S. The involvement of progesterone in the onset of human labour. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2003;108(2):177‐81. - PubMed
Bakketeig 1979
    1. Bakketeig LS, Hoffman HJ, Harley EE. The tendency to repeat gestational age and birth weight in successive births. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1979;135(8):1086‐103. - PubMed
Berkowitz 1993
    1. Berkowitz G, Papiernik E. Epidemiology of preterm birth. Epidemiologic Reviews 1993;88:233‐8. - PubMed
Blencowe 2012
    1. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller AB, Narwal R, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet 2012;379(9832):2162‐72. [PUBMED: 22682464] - PubMed
Block 1984
    1. Block BS, Liggins GC, Creasy RK. Preterm delivery is not predicted by serial plasma estradiol or progesterone concentration measurements. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1984;150(6):716‐22. - PubMed
Bloom 2001
    1. Bloom SL, Yost NP, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Recurrence of preterm birth in singleton and twin pregnancies. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2001;98:379‐85. - PubMed
Carr‐Hill 1985
    1. Carr‐Hill RA, Hall MH. The repetition of spontaneous preterm labour. BJOG:an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 1985;92(9):921‐8. - PubMed
Conde‐Agudelo 2013
    1. Conde‐Agudelo A, Romero R, Nicolaides K, Chaiworapongsa T, O'Brien JM, Cetingoz E, et al. Vaginal progesterone vs. cervical cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix, previous preterm birth, and singleton gestation: a systematic review and indirect comparison metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2013;208(1):42.e1‐42.e18. - PMC - PubMed
Condon 2003
    1. Condon JC, Jeyasuria P, Faust JM, Wilson JW, Mendelson CR. A decline in the levels of progesterone receptor coactivators in the pregnant uterus at term may antagonize progesterone receptor function and contribute to the initiation of parturition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003;100(16):9518‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Elder 1999
    1. Elder DE, Haga R, Evans SF, Benninger HR, French NP. Hospital admissions in the first year of life in very preterm infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 1999;35(2):145‐50. - PubMed
Gates 2004
    1. Gates S, Brocklehurst P. How should randomised trial including multiple pregnancies be analysed?. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2004;111:213‐9. - PubMed
Goldenberg 1998
    1. Goldenberg RL, Rouse DJ. Prevention of premature birth. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339:313‐20. - PubMed
Grazzini 1998
    1. Grazzini E, Guillon G, Mouillac B, Zingg HH. Inhibition of oxytocin receptor function by direct binding of progesterone. Nature 1998;392(6675):509‐12. - PubMed
Greene 2003
    1. Greene MF. Progesterone and preterm delivery ‐ deja vu all over again. New England Medical Journal 2003;348:2453‐5. - PubMed
Haas 2008
    1. Haas DM, Ramsey PS. Progestogen for preventing miscarriage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Hack 1999
    1. Hack M. Consideration of the use of health status, functional outcome, and quality‐of‐life to monitor neonatal intensive care practice. Pediatrics 1999;103(1 Suppl E):319‐28. - PubMed
Haluska 1997
    1. Haluska GJ, Cook MJ, Novy MJ. Inhibition and augmentation of progesterone production during pregnancy: effects on parturition in rhesus monkeys. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;176(3):682‐91. - PubMed
Haluska 2002
    1. Haluska GJ, Wells TR, Hirst JJ, Brenner RM, Sadowsky DW, Novy MJ. Progesterone receptor localisation and isoforms in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus macaques: evidence for functional progesterone withdrawal at parturition. Journal of the Society for Gynecological Investigation 2002;9(3):125‐36. - PubMed
Hewitt 1988
    1. Hewitt BC, Newnham JP. A review of the obstetric and medical complications leading to the delivery of very low birth weight infants. Medical Journal of Australia 1988;149:234‐7. - PubMed
Higgins 2002
    1. Higgins J, Thompson S. Quantifying heterogeneity in meta‐analysis. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21:1559‐74. - PubMed
Higgins 2008
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Iams 2003
    1. Iams JD. Supplemental progesterone to prevent preterm birth. American Journal Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;188(2):303. - PubMed
Kaminski 1973
    1. Kaminski M, Goujard J, Rumeau‐Rouquette C. Prediction of low birthweight and prematurity by a multiple regression analysis with maternal characteristics known since the beginning of the pregnancy. International Journal of Epidemiology 1973;2:195‐204. - PubMed
Kistka 2007
    1. Kistka ZA, Palomar L, Lee KA. Racial disparity in the frequency of recurrence of preterm birth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;196:131.e1‐131.e6. - PubMed
Kramer 2000
    1. Kramer M, Demissie K, Yang H, Platt RW, Sauve R, Liston R. The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. JAMA 2000;284:843‐9. - PubMed
Lopez‐Bernal 2003
    1. Lopez‐Bernal A. Mechanism of labour ‐ biochemical aspects. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2003;110(Suppl 20):39‐45. - PubMed
Martin 2003
    1. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Munson ML. Births: final data for 2002. National Vital Statistics Report 2003;52(10):1‐113. - PubMed
Mattison 2001
    1. Mattison DR, Damus K, Fiore E, Petrini J, Alter C. Preterm delivery: a public health perspective. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2001;15(Suppl. 2):7‐16. - PubMed
McLaughlin 2002
    1. McLaughlin KJ, Crowther CA, Vigneswaran P, Hancock E, Willson K. Who remains undelivered more than seven days after a single course of prenatal corticosteroids and gives birth at less than 34 weeks?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2002;42(4):353‐7. - PubMed
Mercer 1999
    1. Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH. The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcomes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;181(5 Pt 1):1216‐21. - PubMed
Northen 2007
    1. Northen AT, Norman GS, Anderson K, Moseley, L, Divito M, Cotroneo M, et al. Follow‐up of children exposed in utero to 17 alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate compared with placebo. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2007;110(4):864‐72. - PubMed
Papiernik 1974
    1. Papiernik E, Kaminski M. Multifactorial study of the risk of prematurity at 32 weeks of gestation: a study of the frequency of 30 predictive characteristics. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1974;2:30‐6. - PubMed
Pepe 1995
    1. Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Actions of placental and fetal adrenal steroid hormones in primate pregnancy. Endocrine Review 1995;16(5):608‐48. - PubMed
Petrini 2005
    1. Petrini J, Callaghan W, Klebanoff M. Estimated effect of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate on preterm birth in the United States. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005;105:267‐72. - PubMed
Pieber 2001
    1. Peiber D, Allport VC, Hills F, Johnson M, Bennett PR. Interactions between progesterone receptor isoforms in myometrial cells in human labour. Molecular Human Reproduction 2001;7(9):875‐9. - PubMed
Rafael 2011
    1. Rafael TJ, Berghella V, Alfirevic Z. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in multiple pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 6. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009166] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RevMan 2008 [Computer program]
    1. The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.0. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008.
RevMan 2012 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
Robinson 2001
    1. Robinson JN, Regan JA, Norwitz ER. The epidemiology of preterm labour. Seminars in Perinatology 2001;25:204‐14. - PubMed
Romero 2012
    1. Romero R, Nicolaides K, Conde‐Agudelo A, Tabor A, O'Brien JM, Cetingoz E, et al. Vaginal progesterone in women with an asymptomatic sonographic short cervix in the midtrimester decreases preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity: a systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2012;206(2):124: 1‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Schuit 2012
    1. Schuit E, Stock S, Groenwold RH, Maurel K, Combs CA, Garite T, et al. Progestogens to prevent preterm birth in twin pregnancies: an individual participant data meta‐analysis of randomized trials. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2012;15(12):13. - PMC - PubMed
Smit 1984
    1. Smit DA, Essed GG, deHaan J. Predictive value of uterine contractility and the serum levels of progesterone and oestrogens with regard to preterm labour. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 1984;18(5):252‐63. - PubMed
Smith 2007
    1. Smith V, Devane D, Begley CM, Clarke M, Higgins S. A systematic review and quality assessment of systematic reviews of fetal fibronectin and transvaginal length for predicting preterm birth. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 2007;133(2):134‐42. - PubMed
Stanley 1992
    1. Stanley F. Survival and cerebral palsy in low birthweight infants: implications for perinatal care. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1992;6(2):298‐310. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Cincotta 2004
    1. Cincotta R, Gardener G, Duncombe G, Flenady V, Dodd J. Antenatal administration of progesterone for preventing spontaneous preterm birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004947] - DOI
Dodd 2006
    1. Dodd JM, Flenady V, Cincotta R, Crowther CA. Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004947.pub2] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
Wiley full text link Wiley Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp