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.2013 Jun 27;8(6):e68029.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068029. Print 2013.

Divergence Times and the Evolutionary Radiation of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An Analysis of Fossil and Molecular Data

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Divergence Times and the Evolutionary Radiation of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates): An Analysis of Fossil and Molecular Data

S Ivan Perez et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

The estimation of phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among a group of organisms is a fundamental first step toward understanding its biological diversification. The time of the most recent or last common ancestor (LCA) of extant platyrrhines is one of the most controversial among scholars of primate evolution. Here we use two molecular based approaches to date the initial divergence of the platyrrhine clade, Bayesian estimations under a relaxed-clock model and substitution rate plus generation time and body size, employing the fossil record and genome datasets. We also explore the robustness of our estimations with respect to changes in topology, fossil constraints and substitution rate, and discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the platyrrhine radiation. Our results suggest that fossil constraints, topology and substitution rate have an important influence on our divergence time estimates. Bayesian estimates using conservative but realistic fossil constraints suggest that the LCA of extant platyrrhines existed at ca. 29 Ma, with the 95% confidence limit for the node ranging from 27-31 Ma. The LCA of extant platyrrhine monkeys based on substitution rate corrected by generation time and body size was established between 21-29 Ma. The estimates based on the two approaches used in this study recalibrate the ages of the major platyrrhine clades and corroborate the hypothesis that they constitute very old lineages. These results can help reconcile several controversial points concerning the affinities of key early Miocene fossils that have arisen among paleontologists and molecular systematists. However, they cannot resolve the controversy of whether these fossil species truly belong to the extant lineages or to a stem platyrrhine clade. That question can only be resolved by morphology. Finally, we show that the use of different approaches and well supported fossil information gives a more robust divergence time estimate of a clade.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Geologic time scale.
Geochronological units and South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMAs) used in the text.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Fossil calibrations.
Phylogenetic tree of 28 primate species showing fossil calibrations. Calibration bounds are soft; i.e., the probability that the true divergence time is outside the bounds is small but non-zero . The phylogenetic tree follows the Wildman et al. hypothesis.
Figure 3
Figure 3. BEAST chronophylogenetic trees.
More likelychronophylogenetic tree from the BEAST analysis for 28 species of Primates using mtDNA and nuclear sequences. Mean node ages are depicted in each node. Blue horizontal bars represent the posterior 95% CI for the node ages. The vertical line shows the estimated earliest age of Patagonian lineages.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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Supported by grants from the FONCyT (PICT-2011-0307 to SIP and PICT-2011-2520 to MFT). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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