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.2013 Aug;54(3):293-303.
doi: 10.1007/s13353-013-0156-y. Epub 2013 Jun 19.

Transgenic pigs designed to express human α-galactosidase to avoid humoral xenograft rejection

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Transgenic pigs designed to express human α-galactosidase to avoid humoral xenograft rejection

J Zeyland et al. J Appl Genet.2013 Aug.

Abstract

The use of animals as a source of organs and tissues for xenotransplantation can overcome the growing shortage of human organ donors. However, the presence of xenoreactive antibodies in humans directed against swine Gal antigen present on the surface of xenograft donor cells leads to the complement activation and immediate xenograft rejection as a consequence of hyperacute reaction. To prevent hyperacute rejection, it is possible to change the swine genome by a human gene modifying the set of donor's cell surface proteins. The gene construct pGal-GFPBsd containing the human gene encoding α-galactosidase enzyme under the promoter of EF-1α elongation factor ensuring systemic expression was introduced by microinjection into a male pronucleus of the fertilised porcine oocyte. As a result, the founder male pig was obtained with the transgene mapping to chromosome 11p12. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed and the Southern analysis confirmed transgene integration estimating the approximate number of transgene copies as 16. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the level of epitope Gal on the cell surface of cells isolated from F0 and F1 transgenic animals. The complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay showed increased viability of the transgenic cells in comparison with the wild-type, which confirmed the protective influence of α-galactosidase expression.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The scheme shows the gene construct pGal-GFPBsd encompassing a strong, constitutiveEF-1α promoter (1,179 bp), cDNA of the gene coding for human α-galactosidase (1,290 bp) and the poly(A) sequence of the cattle GH gene (225 bp). Moreover, the vector contains the sequence of Bsd gene coding for blasticidin antibiotic resistance joined with the GFP sequence under the control of the CMV promoter. The scheme also shows the locations of the primers used for the screening of the transgene (F1 and R1, F2 and R2) and the Southern probe binding site (between F1 and R1 primers)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Screening of the pGal-GFPBsd gene construct. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify DNA fragments of 464 bp and 861 bp. The separation of DNA fragments was conducted in 1.5 % agarose gel.a Analysis of the integration with genomic DNA in pigs (F0). Line 1, size marker (λ DNA/HindIII,EcoRI); lane 2, DNA isolated from TG252; lane 3, DNA isolated from 253; lane 4, negative control (without DNA); lane 5, negative control (wild-type pig DNA); lane 6, positive control (pGal-GFPBsd gene construct).b Analysis of integration with genomic DNA in pigs (F1). Lanes 1–5 and 7–13, DNA isolated from potentially transgenic pigs; line 6, size marker (λ DNA/HindIII,EcoRI); line 14, negative control (wild-type pig DNA); line 15, negative control (without DNA); line 16, positive control (pGal-GFPBsd gene construct)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Southern blot hybridisation analysis to confirm transgenic animals and estimate of copies number. DNA (5.6  μg) isolated from transgenic animals TG252, TG1183, TG1036 and TG1040, respectively, carrying the pGAL-GFPBsd gene construct was digested withEcoRI and hybridised with a probe of 464 bp. The probe was a 32P-dATP-labelled PCR product of 464 bp formed on plasmid DNA (pGAL-GFPBsd) with the use of the first pair of primers used for screening of the transgene. The probe detects a 7.3-kb band that represents the pGAL-GFPBsd genetic construct (black arrow). Thered arrow probably indicates the band of non-specific hybridisation of the probe. Lanes 1–4 contain DNA samples from transgenic animals (TG252, TG1183, TG1036, TG1040); lane 5 wild-type pig DNA as a negative control; lanes 6–10 titration of the transgene mixed with digested wild-type genomic DNA representing 133.12, 66.56, 33.28, 16.64 and 8.32 copies, respectively
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Cytogenetic analysis of animals expressing human α-galactosidase.a Correct karyotype of a pig from the F0 generation, TG252 (38,XY).b Correct karyotype of a pig from the F1 generation, TG1183 (38,XX).c Post-hybridisation image of metaphase chromosomes from the interphase nucleus of a cell line derived from skin fibroblasts of TG252. Signal on chromosome 11q12. FITC-labelled marker, chromosomes and nucleus stained by DAPI.d Post-hybridisation image of metaphase chromosomes from a cell line derived from skin fibroblasts of the F1 pig. Signal on chromosome 11q12. FITC-labelled marker, chromosomes stained by DAPI
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Transgene expression analysis by flow cytometry. Fibroblasts derived from the following animals were analysed: wild-type, pig TG252 (F0), transgenic pigs F1 (TG1183, TG1036, TG1040), TG1154 expressing 1,2-fucosyltransferase labelled by BS-IB4 lectin (detects Gal epitope), conjugated with AlexaFluor 647 fluorochrome.a Thex-axis shows the fluorescence intensity, they-axis shows the number of cells which were not labelled (black lines), labelled wild-type cells (red line), transgenic animal TG252 (blue line) and transgenic animal TG1154 (green line). The analysis showed decreased levels of Gal antigen in transgenic animals compared to wild-type animals. The fluorescence fell by 58.9 % for the pig with α-galactosidase (TG252) expression and by 62.8 % for the pig with α1,2-fucosyltransferase (TG1154) expression compared to control.b Thex-axis shows the fluorescence intensity, they-axis shows the number of cells which were not labelled (black lines), labelled wild-type cells (red line), transgenic animal TG252 (F0) (light green line) and transgenic animal TG1183 (F1) (dark blue line), transgenic animal TG1036 (F1) (light blue line) and transgenic animal TG1040 (F1) (dark green line). The analysis showed decreased levels of Gal antigen in transgenic animals in F0 and F1 compared to wild-type animals. The reduction of Gal epitope expression was, respectively, 58.21 %, 59.67 %, 56.67 % and 65.09 %. The level of Gal epitope expression observed in the F1 animals was similar to the F0 animal (TG252)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Survival rate analysis with standard deviations for cells from wild-type animal (blue), from F0 (TG252) with α-galactosidase expression (red), F1 animal (TG1183) with α-galactosidase expression (green) and TG1154 with the expression of α1,2-fucosyltransferase (purple) measured in the basic medium and in test medium B containing 50 % human serum. The survival rate was measured by an average number of living cells compared to the total number of counted cells in 12 repetitions. The percentage cell survival rate is shown on they-axis
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