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.2013 Mar 13;9(3):20130076.
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0076. Print 2013 Jun 23.

A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host

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A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host

María C De Mársico et al. Biol Lett..

Abstract

The hosts of brood parasitic birds are under strong selection pressure to recognize and remove foreign eggs from their nests, but parasite eggs may be too large to be grasped whole and too strong to be readily pierced by the host's bill. Such operating constraints on egg removal are proposed to force some hosts to accept parasite eggs, as the costs of deserting parasitized clutches can outweigh the cost of rearing parasites. By fitting microcameras inside nests, we reveal that the Neotropical baywing (Agelaioides badius), a host of the screaming cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris) and shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), instead circumvents such constraints by kicking parasite eggs out of the nest. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a passerine bird using its feet to remove objects from the nest. Kick-ejection was an all-or-nothing response. Baywings kick-ejected parasite eggs laid before their own first egg and, if heavily parasitized, they ejected entire clutches and began again in the same nest. Few baywings were able to rid their nests of every parasite egg, but their novel ejection method allowed them to reduce the median parasitism intensity by 75 per cent (from four to one cowbird eggs per nest), providing an effective anti-parasite defence.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Probability of entire clutch ejection (solid line) and 95% CI (dotted line) as a function of the intensity of parasitism during host's laying as predicted from a GLM. Black circles indicate the observed proportion of ejected clutches, with sample sizes above.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Boxplots of the number of cowbird eggs deposited in baywing nests (n = 116 nests) and the number that remained in incubated clutches, including initial clutches (n = 60) and replacement clutches (n = 23).
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References

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    1. Rasmussen JL, Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. 2010. Functional morphology as a barrier to the evolution of grasp ejection in hosts of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Can. J. Zool. 88, 2010–2017 10.1139/Z10-088 (doi:10.1139/Z10-088) - DOI
    1. Mermoz ME, Ornelas JF. 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of life-history adaptations in parasitic cowbirds. Behav. Ecol. 15, 109–119 10.1093/beheco/arg102 (doi:10.1093/beheco/arg102) - DOI

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