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.2012 Oct 10:1478:1-15.
doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.038. Epub 2012 Aug 29.

Sex differences in white matter development during adolescence: a DTI study

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Sex differences in white matter development during adolescence: a DTI study

Yingying Wang et al. Brain Res..

Abstract

Adolescence is a complex transitional period in human development, composing physical maturation, cognitive and social behavioral changes. The objective of this study is to investigate sex differences in white matter development and the associations between intelligence and white matter microstructure in the adolescent brain using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). In a cohort of 16 typically-developing adolescents aged 13 to 17 years, longitudinal DTI data were recorded from each subject at two time points that were one year apart. We used TBSS to analyze the diffusion indices including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). Our results suggest that boys (13-18 years) continued to demonstrate white matter maturation, whereas girls appeared to reach mature levels earlier. In addition, we identified significant positive correlations between FA and full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus when both sexes were looked at together. Only girls showed significant positive correlations between FA and verbal IQ in the left cortico-spinal tract and superior longitudinal fasciculus. The preliminary evidence presented in this study supports that boys and girls have different developmental trajectories in white matter microstructure.

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Scatter plots of the global mean values of each diffusion index calculated from the whole-brain TBSS skeleton, along with least squares regression lines for each sex. FA: fractional anisotropy; MD: mean diffusivity; AD: axial diffusivity; RD: radial diffusivity. Red symbols and lines represent girls and blue represents boys. Time point 1 and 2 are represented by triangles and circles, respectively, and are connected to each other by grey dotted lines. The standard errors are shown with a grey band around the regression line. The solid regression line denotes statistical significance, while the dashed regression lines indicate the trend without significance.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
TBSS results of significant sex by age interactions (p < 0.05, corrected) for FA corresponding to Table 2. The results from sex by age interactions are shown in magenta superimposed on the fiber skeleton (Green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA template. Images are in radiological convention.x: right ↔ left direction;y: anterior ↔ posterior direction;z: superior ↔ inferior direction. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
TBSS results of significant sex effects (p < 0.05, corrected) in each diffusion index corresponding to Table 3. The results from sex effect superimposed on the fiber skeleton (Green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA template. Red represents the regions that girls show significant higher values than boys. Blue represents regions that boys show significant higher values than girls. Images are in radiological convention.x: right ↔ left direction;y: anterior ↔ posterior direction;z: superior ↔ inferior direction.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
TBSS results of significant age effects (p < 0.05, corrected) in each diffusion index corresponding to Table 4. The results from age effect are superimposed on the fiber skeleton (Green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA template. Yellow represents increases with age and cyan represents decreases with age using data from both boys and girls. Note the age trend for FA was merely driven by data from boys. Images are in radiological convention.x: right ↔ left direction;y: anterior ↔ posterior direction;z: superior ↔ inferior direction.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
TBSS results of significant changes between time 2 and time 1 (p < 0.05, corrected) corresponding to Table 5 for boys. No regions were found with significant time dependence in girls. Results are superimposed on the fiber skeleton (Green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA template. The color red represents increases from time 1 to 2. Images are in radiological convention.x: right ↔ left direction;y: anterior ↔ posterior direction;z: superior ↔ inferior direction. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
TBSS results of significant correlations between FA and intelligence measures (p < 0.05, corrected) corresponding to Table 6 when both sexes were looked at together. Results are superimposed on the fiber skeleton (Green) and overlaid on the FMRIB FA template. The color red represents positive correlation between FA and FSIQ, and fuchsia represents positive correlation between FA and VIQ. Images are in radiological convention.x: right ↔ left direction;y: anterior ↔ posterior direction;z: superior ↔ inferior direction. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
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