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.2012 Nov 7;279(1746):4399-406.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1339. Epub 2012 Sep 5.

Ready steady slow: action preparation slows the subjective passage of time

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Ready steady slow: action preparation slows the subjective passage of time

Nobuhiro Hagura et al. Proc Biol Sci..

Abstract

Professional ball game players report the feeling of the ball 'slowing-down' before hitting it. Because effective motor preparation is critical in achieving such expert motor performance, these anecdotal comments imply that the subjective passage of time may be influenced by preparation for action. Previous reports of temporal illusions associated with action generally emphasize compensation for suppressed sensory signals that accompany motor commands. Here, we show that the time is perceived slowed-down during preparation of a ballistic reaching movement before action, involving enhancement of sensory processing. Preparing for a reaching movement increased perceived duration of a visual stimulus. This effect was tightly linked to action preparation, because the amount of temporal dilation increased with the information about the upcoming movement. Furthermore, we showed a reduction of perceived frequency for flickering stimuli and an enhanced detection of rapidly presented letters during action preparation, suggesting increased temporal resolution of visual perception during action preparation. We propose that the temporal dilation during action preparation reflects the function of the brain to maximize the capacity of sensory information-acquisition prior to execution of a ballistic movement. This strategy might facilitate changing or inhibiting the planned action in response to last-minute changes in the external environment.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
(ac) Results of experiment 1. Error bars show standard error of means across participants (*p < 0.05). (a) Trial sequence of experiment 1. ‘+’ on the white disc cued the participants to prepare for reach (reach), and ‘×’ indicated the control condition without reaching (control). For half of the participants, these signs for conditional assignment were flipped. (b) Fitted psychometric function to the ‘long’ responses in each condition of a representative participant. (c) Point of subjective equality (PSE) for each condition averaged across participants. PSE-averaged across conditions were subtracted for each participant.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(ac) Results of experiment 2. Error bars show standard error of means across participants. n.s. denotes not significant. (a) Trial sequence of experiment 2. ‘+’ on the white disc cued the participants to prepare for the letter-detection task (visual), and ‘×’ indicated to ignore the detection task (control). In both conditions, participants kept pressing the standby key throughout. (b) Fitted psychometric function to the ‘long’ responses in each condition of a representative participant. (c) Mean-corrected PSE for each condition averaged across participants.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
(ac) Results of experiment 3. Error bars show standard error of means across participants (**p < 0.01). (a) Trial sequence of experiment 3. Participants knew the reach direction they had to subsequently perform from the tilted line on the preparation cue (direction prepared) in one condition. However, in the other condition, the line was vertical so the direction of reaching could not be prepared (direction unprepared). (b) Fitted psychometric function to the ‘long’ responses in each condition of a representative participant. (c) Mean-corrected PSE for each condition averaged across participants.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
(ac) Results of experiment 4 and (df) 5. Error bars show standard error of means across participants (*p < 0.05). (a) Trial sequence of experiment 4. Participants saw a ‘reach’ or ‘stay’ instruction followed by a flicker stimulus. (b) Fitted psychometric function to the ‘fast’ responses in each condition of a representative participant. (c) Mean-corrected PSE for each condition averaged across participants. (d) Trial sequence of experiment 5. The instruction was ‘stay’ in the control condition. (e) Change in group-averaged letter-detection rate across time in both conditions. Data are smoothed in time for display purpose. (f) Letter-detection rate for each condition at the final 300 ms of the letter sequence (shaded area of (e)).
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References

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