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Review
.2012 Aug 8:2:106.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00106. eCollection 2012.

Darwin's goldmine is still open: variation and selection run the world

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Review

Darwin's goldmine is still open: variation and selection run the world

Patrick Forterre. Front Cell Infect Microbiol..

Abstract

The scientific contribution of Darwin, still agonized in many religious circles, has now been recognized and celebrated by scientists from various disciplines. However, in recent years, several evolutionists have criticized Darwin as outdated, arguing that "Darwinism," assimilated to the "tree of life," cannot explain microbial evolution, or else was not operating in early life evolution. These critics either confuse "Darwinism" and old versions of "neo-Darwinism" or misunderstand the role of gene transfers in evolution. The core of Darwin explanation of evolution (variation/selection) remains necessary and sufficient to decipher the history of life. The enormous diversity of mechanisms underlying variations has been successfully interpreted by evolutionists in this framework and has considerably enriched the corpus of evolutionary biology without the necessity to kill the father. However, it remains for evolutionists to acknowledge interactions between cells and viruses (unknown for Darwin) as a major driving force in life evolution.

Keywords: Darwinian threshold; evolutionary synthesis; lateral gene transfer; natural selection; variation; viruses.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
From trees to webs and back. (A) an organism tree corresponding to its vertically inherited genes (blue),(B) an underlying gene tree [dotted lines in(A)] with one loss and two horizontal gene transfers [indicated by dotted arrows in(A)],(C) the network obtained by combining(A) and(B) (gray arrows),(D) the web corresponding to the unrooted network. Brown arrows indicate the path unveiling the organism and gene trees from the web.
Figure 2
Figure 2
How integration of viruses or related elements can confuse phylogenetic analyses? (A) Patchy phylogenetic distribution of viral genes in cellular genomes. A tree of organisms (blue lines) and a co-evolving viral (plasmid) lineages (dotted red lines). A viral (plasmid) gene is sometimes integrated (red arrow) sometimes loss (black arrows) from cellular genomes. The encoded viral proteins will appear as characters present (red ovals) or absent (black ovals) in cellular proteomes. Their use in whole genome tree construction will be misleading, grouping artificially organisms with common integrated viral (plasmid) genes.(B) Independent integration of viral genes encoding homologous proteins (small thick red arrows) mimicking horizontal gene transfer (thin red arrow) between two species.
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