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.2012 Sep;51(9):921-33.
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.07.003. Epub 2012 Aug 1.

Trajectories of early brain volume development in fragile X syndrome and autism

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Trajectories of early brain volume development in fragile X syndrome and autism

Heather Cody Hazlett et al. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2012 Sep.

Abstract

Objective: To examine patterns of early brain growth in young children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) compared with a comparison group (controls) and a group with idiopathic autism.

Method: The study included 53 boys 18 to 42 months of age with FXS, 68 boys with idiopathic autism (autism spectrum disorder), and a comparison group of 50 typically developing and developmentally delayed controls. Structural brain volumes were examined using magnetic resonance imaging across two time points, at 2 to 3 and again at 4 to 5 years of age, and total brain volumes and regional (lobar) tissue volumes were examined. In addition, a selected group of subcortical structures implicated in the behavioral features of FXS (e.g., basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala) was studied.

Results: Children with FXS had larger global brain volumes compared with controls but were not different than children with idiopathic autism, and the rate of brain growth from 2 to 5 years of age paralleled that seen in controls. In contrast to children with idiopathic autism who had generalized cortical lobe enlargement, children with FXS showed specific enlargement in the temporal lobe white matter, cerebellar gray matter, and caudate nucleus, but a significantly smaller amygdala.

Conclusions: This structural longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of preschoolers with FXS observed generalized brain overgrowth in children with FXS compared with controls, evident at age 2 and maintained across ages 4 to 5. In addition, different patterns of brain growth that distinguished boys with FXS from boys with idiopathic autism were found.

Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Longitudinal trajectories for total brain volume (TBV) in between children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), idiopathic autism (iAUT), and controls. Note: Red = iAUT; Blue = FXS; Black = Controls.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Percent increase in cortical lobe tissue volumes in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and idiopathic autism (iAUT) groups compared to controls (represented by x axis). Note: Percent differences between FXS and iAUT groups compared to controls (y axis) are shown after adjusting age and IQ. * indicates comparisons significant atp<.05 after controlling for total brain volume (TBV), age, and IQ.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Trajectories for group differences in caudate and amydala volumes.
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