doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.008.
Analyzing fission yeast multidrug resistance mechanisms to develop a genetically tractable model system for chemical biology
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- PMID:22840777
- PMCID: PMC3589755
- DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.008
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Analyzing fission yeast multidrug resistance mechanisms to develop a genetically tractable model system for chemical biology
Shigehiro A Kawashima et al. Chem Biol..
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Abstract
Chemical inhibitors can help analyze dynamic cellular processes, particularly when probes are active in genetically tractable model systems. Although fission yeast has served as an important model system, which shares more cellular processes (e.g., RNAi) with humans than budding yeast, its use for chemical biology has been limited by its multidrug resistance (MDR) response. Using genomics and genetics approaches, we identified the key transcription factors and drug-efflux transporters responsible for fission yeast MDR and designed strains sensitive to a wide-range of chemical inhibitors, including commonly used probes. We used this strain, along with acute chemical inhibition and high-resolution imaging, to examine metaphase spindle organization in a "closed" mitosis. Together, our findings suggest that our fission yeast strains will allow the use of several inhibitors as probes, discovery of new inhibitors, and analysis of drug action.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Figures
(A) Growth of wild-type cells (in YE4S medium at 32°C) in the presence or absence of purvalanol A (PurA). (B) Microarray analysis of mRNA levels in exponentially growing wild-type cells that were treated for 20 min with 20 μM PurA (or DMSO). Scatter plot is color-coded for expression levels (green, low; red, high). The lines show ± 2-fold change in response to drug (n = 2 independent experiments, average is shown). The list of genes that were upregulated (>2-fold) by PurA treatment are provided in Table S3. (C–E) The expression levels ofbfr1+ andpmd1+ genes in chemical inhibitor-treated exponentially growing wild-type cells analyzed by RT-qPCR (n = 3). (C) Cells were treated with PurA (20 μM, 0 min), and total RNA was purified at the indicated time points. (D and E) Cells were treated with the indicated concentration of PurA (D) or cycloheximide (CHX) (E) for 20 min, after which the total RNA was purified. (F) Exponentially growing wild-type (WT) orpap1Δ cells were treated with 20 μM PurA (or DMSO) for 20 min, after which the total RNA was purified (n = 3). In all RT-qPCR experiments, the histograms show the ratio of the genes (value of WT was defined as one) with respect to the signals obtained for ACT1, used as a normalization control. Error bars indicate SD. See also Table S3.
(A) Serial dilutions of the indicated strains were spotted onto YE4S plates, or YE4S plates containing indicated drugs, and incubated at 29°C. (B and C) The expression levels of ABC transporters were measured by RT-qPCR in the indicated strains (n = 5). Total RNA was purified from asynchronous cultures. (D) Exponentially growing wild-type orprt1Δ cells were treated with 20 μM PurA (or DMSO) for 20 min, after which total RNA was purified (n = 3). Expression ratios are calculated as in Figure 1. Error bars indicate SD. See also Figure S2.
(A, D, and E) Serial dilutions of the indicated strains were spotted onto YE4S plates, or YE4S plates containing indicated drugs, and incubated at 29°C. (B) Microarray analysis of mRNA levels in exponentially growing wild-type andprt1Δ cells. Scatter plot is color-coded for expression levels (green, low; red, high). The lines show ± 1.7-fold change in response to drug (n = 2 independent experiments, average is shown). (C) The expression level ofmfs1+ gene was measured by RT-qPCR in the indicated strains (n = 3). Total RNA was purified after treatment with 20 μM PurA (or DMSO) for 20 min. Expression ratios are calculated as in Figure 1. Error bars indicate SD. See also Figure S1 and Table S4.
(A) Serial dilutions of the indicated strains were spotted onto YE4S plates, or YE4S plates containing indicated drugs, and incubated at 29°C. (B) Serial dilutions of the indicated strains were spotted onto YE4S plate and incubated at the indicated temperature. (C) Exponentially growing culture (OD = 0.5) of WT (diamond),bfr1Δ pmd1Δ (triangle),pap1Δ bfr1Δ pmd1Δ mfs1Δ caf5Δ (square), orprt1Δ pap1Δ bfr1Δ pmd1Δ mfs1Δ caf5Δ (circle) cells were diluted 50 times in YE4S medium, treated with indicated compounds at the indicated concentrations (μM), and incubated for 14 hours at 32°C. Growth (%) is presented relative to DMSO-treated cells. See also Figure S3.
(A and B) Scatter plot shows growth of WT (A) orbfr1Δ pmd1Δ (B) strain (x axis) and MDR-sup strain (pap1Δ bfr1Δ pmd1Δ mfs1Δ caf5Δ) (y axis) treated with compounds in the LOPAC 1280 library (20 μM, Sigma-Aldrich), normalized to the growth measured in DMSO alone. Black circles indicate compounds that inhibit growth by >80%. (C) Representative chemical structures of compounds that inhibit growth by >90% in both WT and MDR-sup strain. (D) Representative chemical structures of compounds that inhibit growth by >90% in MDR-sup but by<10% in WT strain. The full list of compounds that inhibit growth >80% in either WT,bfr1Δ pmd1Δ, or MDR-sup strain is shown in Table S5. See also Figure S4.
(A and B) Exponentially growing culture (OD = 0.5) of WT (black diamond) andpap1Δ bfr1Δ pmd1Δ mfs1Δ caf5Δ (red square) cells were diluted 50 times in YE4S medium, treated with indicated compounds at the indicated concentrations (μM), and incubated for 14 hours at 32°C. Growth (%) is presented relative to DMSO-treated cells. (C and D) Cells were blocked at S-phase using hydroxyurea, incubated for 30 min, then treated with Velcade (40 μM), and incubated for 60 min at 32°C (+ Velcade, left lanes). Then nocodazole (15 μM) was added, and incubated for 30 min at 32°C (+ nocodazole, middle lanes). After that, nocodazole was washed out, and incubated for 30 min at 32°C (wash out nocodazole, right lanes). Representative images of Mcherry-tubulin (C), Mad2-mcherry (D), and Plo1-mYFP (C and D) signals are shown. Scale bars, 2 μm. See also Figure S5.
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