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doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038440. Epub 2012 Jun 6.

From parent to gamete: vertical transmission of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) ITS2 sequence assemblages in the reef building coral Montipora capitata

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From parent to gamete: vertical transmission of Symbiodinium (Dinophyceae) ITS2 sequence assemblages in the reef building coral Montipora capitata

Jacqueline L Padilla-Gamiño et al. PLoS One.2012.

Abstract

Parental effects are ubiquitous in nature and in many organisms play a particularly critical role in the transfer of symbionts across generations; however, their influence and relative importance in the marine environment has rarely been considered. Coral reefs are biologically diverse and productive marine ecosystems, whose success is framed by symbiosis between reef-building corals and unicellular dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. Many corals produce aposymbiotic larvae that are infected by Symbiodinium from the environment (horizontal transmission), which allows for the acquisition of new endosymbionts (different from their parents) each generation. In the remaining species, Symbiodinium are transmitted directly from parent to offspring via eggs (vertical transmission), a mechanism that perpetuates the relationship between some or all of the Symbiodinium diversity found in the parent through multiple generations. Here we examine vertical transmission in the Hawaiian coral Montipora capitata by comparing the Symbiodinium ITS2 sequence assemblages in parent colonies and the eggs they produce. Parental effects on sequence assemblages in eggs are explored in the context of the coral genotype, colony morphology, and the environment of parent colonies. Our results indicate that ITS2 sequence assemblages in eggs are generally similar to their parents, and patterns in parental assemblages are different, and reflect environmental conditions, but not colony morphology or coral genotype. We conclude that eggs released by parent colonies during mass spawning events are seeded with different ITS2 sequence assemblages, which encompass phylogenetic variability that may have profound implications for the development, settlement and survival of coral offspring.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Location of study sites.
Parent colonies and gametes were sampled at three sites around Moku O Lo’e Island: Bridge to Nowhere (BTN), Gilligan’s Lagoon (GL), and Point Reef (PR). Moku O Lo’e Island is located in Kane’ohe Bay on the windward coast of the island of O’ahu, Hawai’i, USA.Montipora capitata colonies exhibited primarily branching morphologies at BTN, plating at GL, and both branching or plating morphologies at PR.
Figure 2
Figure 2.Montipora capitata colonies, their eggs and symbioticSymbiodinium cells inside the eggs.
(a) plating and (b) branching morphologies, (c) eggs seeded withSymbiodinium cells acquired from parent colonies and (d) close up ofSymbiodinium cells inside the egg, lighter circles are lipid droplets, darker circles areSymbiodinium cells.
Figure 3
Figure 3.Symbiodinium sequence networks and folding clusters between parents and eggs.
Symbiodinium ITS2 sequences (N = 659 sequences) identified from 64Montipora capitata coral samples (see Table 1), showing the relationships among the 24 distinct ITS2 sequences retrieved inSymbiodinium clade C, and 5 inSymbiodinium clade D. The pie charts correspond to individualSymbiodinium ITS2 sequences, with the diameter of the pie charts proportional to the number of sequences retrieved corresponding to the circular inset scale (exact numbers given in brackets). Grey and/or black colors correspond to sequences obtained from adult coral colonies and coral eggs, respectively. Networks are subdivided into cluster groupings that each contains sequences with identical secondary structure folding. Details on secondary structures are shown in the Figure S1.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Abundance and distribution ofSymbiodinium sequences and clusters between sites.
The frequency ofSymbiodinium ITS2 sequences per site (adult and egg) is displayed as bar graphs. The pie charts represent the frequency ofSymbiodinium based on six of the seven ITS2 secondary structures (folds a, b, c, d, f and g; see Figure S1); note that fold type e did not meet our criteria for inclusion and was omitted from the downstream analysis.
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