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doi: 10.1038/srep00385. Epub 2012 Apr 27.

Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake

Clues from joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data of the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake

F Romano et al. Sci Rep.2012.

Abstract

The 2011 Tohoku-oki (Mw 9.1) earthquake is so far the best-observed megathrust rupture, which allowed the collection of unprecedented offshore data. The joint inversion of tsunami waveforms (DART buoys, bottom pressure sensors, coastal wave gauges, and GPS-buoys) and static geodetic data (onshore GPS, seafloor displacements obtained by a GPS/acoustic combination technique), allows us to retrieve the slip distribution on a non-planar fault. We show that the inclusion of near-source data is necessary to image the details of slip pattern (maximum slip ~48 m, up to ~35 m close to the Japan trench), which generated the large and shallow seafloor coseismic deformations and the devastating inundation of the Japanese coast. We investigate the relation between the spatial distribution of previously inferred interseismic coupling and coseismic slip and we highlight the importance of seafloor geodetic measurements to constrain the interseismic coupling, which is one of the key-elements for long-term earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Location map of the 11 March 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-oki earthquake.
a) Red star indicates the epicentre position. Red and white “beach ball” represents the focal mechanism of this earthquake. Red triangles indicate the DART stations used in the inversion; b) Yellow, pink and cyan shadow zones are approximated rupture areas of the 869 Jogan, 1896 and 1933 Sanriku-oki earthquakes respectively. Cyan circles indicate GPS stations onshore, magenta circles the geodetic seafloor observation sites, red triangles the bottom pressure sensors and GPS-buoys (Table S3 in Supplementary Information). White arrow indicates the approximate convergence direction of the Pacific plate (estimated velocity of 9.2 cm/yr54).
Figure 2
Figure 2. 2011 Tohoku-oki slip model.
Slip distribution for the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake obtained from the joint inversion of tsunami and geodetic data. Orange arrows represent the slip direction (rake, Table S2 in Supplementary Information). Thin black contours above the fault plane indicate the interseismic coupling (from 10% to 100%, at 10% intervals) along the megathrust. Black arrow indicates the approximate convergence direction of the Pacific plate (estimated velocity of 9.2 cm/yr54). Red star as of Figure 1.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Comparison between observed and predicted data sets.
Comparison between observed (black) and predicted a) horizontal and b) vertical displacements at GPS (red) and geodetic seafloor observation sites (magenta); c) Comparison between the observed (black) and predicted (red) tsunami waveforms; peak value (predicted/observed) in meters is indicated for each station.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Geodetic Slip models.
a) Slip distribution for the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake obtained from the inversion of GPS onshore only. Cyan circles within the upper left inset indicate GPS stations onshore used in the inversion; b) Slip distribution for the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake obtained by inverting the whole geodetic data set. Cyan circles within the upper left inset indicate GPS stations onshore, magenta circles the geodetic seafloor observation sites, both used in the inversion. Thin black contours and red star as of Figure 2.
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References

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    1. Fujii Y., Satake K., Sakai S., Shinohara M. & Kanazawa T. Tsunami source of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, Japan earthquake. .Earth, Planets and Space 63, 815–820, 10.5047/eps.2011.06.010 (2011).
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