Review
doi: 10.1155/2012/925135. Epub 2012 Mar 14.CD4⁺T cells: differentiation and functions
Affiliations
- PMID:22474485
- PMCID: PMC3312336
- DOI: 10.1155/2012/925135
Item in Clipboard
Review
CD4⁺T cells: differentiation and functions
Rishi Vishal Luckheeram et al. Clin Dev Immunol.2012.
Display options
Format
Display options
Format
Abstract
CD4⁺T cells are crucial in achieving a regulated effective immune response to pathogens. Naive CD4⁺T cells are activated after interaction with antigen-MHC complex and differentiate into specific subtypes depending mainly on the cytokine milieu of the microenvironment. Besides the classical T-helper 1 and T-helper 2, other subsets have been identified, including T-helper 17, regulatory T cell, follicular helper T cell, and T-helper 9, each with a characteristic cytokine profile. For a particular phenotype to be differentiated, a set of cytokine signaling pathways coupled with activation of lineage-specific transcription factors and epigenetic modifications at appropriate genes are required. The effector functions of these cells are mediated by the cytokines secreted by the differentiated cells. This paper will focus on the cytokine-signaling and the network of transcription factors responsible for the differentiation of naive CD4⁺T cells.
Figures
Influence of distinct cytokine milieu in the differentiation of CD4+T cells. Blue arrows show the differentiation of naïve cells in the presence of particular cytokines. The green arrows represent the self-amplification phase by the encircled cytokines. Plasticity of T cell subset under the influence of specific cytokine is represented by the red arrows. Along with Th subset, the master regulator is shown. However, Bcl6 has not yet been identified as the master regulator, but it plays major role in the differentiation of Tfh.
Similar articles
- Effect of VIP on the balance between cytokines and master regulators of activated helper T cells.Jimeno R, Leceta J, Martínez C, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Pérez-García S, Carrión M, Gomariz RP, Juarranz Y.Jimeno R, et al.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012 Feb;90(2):178-86. doi: 10.1038/icb.2011.23. Epub 2011 Mar 29.Immunol Cell Biol. 2012.PMID:21445087
- T helper subsets & regulatory T cells: rethinking the paradigm in the clinical context of solid organ transplantation.Askar M.Askar M.Int J Immunogenet. 2014 Jun;41(3):185-94. doi: 10.1111/iji.12106. Epub 2014 Feb 3.Int J Immunogenet. 2014.PMID:24495112Review.
- CD4+ Th2 cells function alike effector Tr1 and Th1 cells through the deletion of a single cytokine IL-6 and IL-10 gene.Ankathatti Munegowda M, Xu S, Freywald A, Xiang J.Ankathatti Munegowda M, et al.Mol Immunol. 2012 Jun;51(2):143-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.02.120. Epub 2012 Mar 17.Mol Immunol. 2012.PMID:22424785
- CD4(+) T-cell subsets in transplantation.Liu Z, Fan H, Jiang S.Liu Z, et al.Immunol Rev. 2013 Mar;252(1):183-91. doi: 10.1111/imr.12038.Immunol Rev. 2013.PMID:23405905Review.
- 'All things considered': transcriptional regulation of T helper type 2 cell differentiation from precursor to effector activation.Zeng WP.Zeng WP.Immunology. 2013 Sep;140(1):31-8. doi: 10.1111/imm.12121.Immunology. 2013.PMID:23668241Free PMC article.Review.
Cited by
- The immune system on the TRAIL of Alzheimer's disease.Burgaletto C, Munafò A, Di Benedetto G, De Francisci C, Caraci F, Di Mauro R, Bucolo C, Bernardini R, Cantarella G.Burgaletto C, et al.J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Oct 13;17(1):298. doi: 10.1186/s12974-020-01968-1.J Neuroinflammation. 2020.PMID:33050925Free PMC article.Review.
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Immune Dysregulation: What We Know So Far.McElwain CJ, McCarthy FP, McCarthy CM.McElwain CJ, et al.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 20;22(8):4261. doi: 10.3390/ijms22084261.Int J Mol Sci. 2021.PMID:33923959Free PMC article.Review.
- A Rational Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Which Accounts for the Glycan Shield of the Spike Glycoprotein.Martin WR, Cheng F.Martin WR, et al.ChemRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 Aug 7. doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12770225.ChemRxiv. 2020.Update in:J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2022 Sep;40(15):7099-7113. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1894986.PMID:32793875Free PMC article.Updated.Preprint.
- A Mathematical Framework for Understanding Four-Dimensional Heterogeneous Differentiation of CD4+ T Cells.Hong T, Oguz C, Tyson JJ.Hong T, et al.Bull Math Biol. 2015 Jun;77(6):1046-64. doi: 10.1007/s11538-015-0076-6. Epub 2015 Mar 17.Bull Math Biol. 2015.PMID:25779890Free PMC article.
- Protective efficacy of multiepitope vaccines constructed from common antigens of Eimeria species in chickens.Chen C, Su J, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X.Chen C, et al.Vet Res. 2023 Dec 13;54(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s13567-023-01253-y.Vet Res. 2023.PMID:38093398Free PMC article.
References
- Klein L, Hinterberger M, Wirnsberger G, Kyewski B. Antigen presentation in the thymus for positive selection and central tolerance induction. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2009;9(12):833–844. - PubMed
- Gill J, Malin M, Sutherland J, Gray D, Hollander G, Boyd R. Thymic generation and regeneration. Immunological Reviews. 2003;195:28–50. - PubMed
- Takahama Y. Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2006;6(2):127–135. - PubMed
- Daniels MA, Teixeiro E, Gill J, et al. Thymic selection threshold defined by compartmentalization of Ras/MAPK signalling. Nature. 2006;444(7120):724–729. - PubMed
- Rudolph MG, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA. How TCRs bind MHCs, peptides, and coreceptors. Annual Review of Immunology. 2006;24:419–466. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Related information
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Research Materials