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.2012 Apr;86(8):4620-30.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.06671-11. Epub 2012 Feb 15.

Metagenomic analysis of viruses from bat fecal samples reveals many novel viruses in insectivorous bats in China

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Metagenomic analysis of viruses from bat fecal samples reveals many novel viruses in insectivorous bats in China

Xingyi Ge et al. J Virol.2012 Apr.

Abstract

Increasing data indicate that bats harbor diverse viruses, some of which cause severe human diseases. In this study, sequence-independent amplification and high-throughput sequencing (Solexa) were applied to the metagenomic analysis of viruses in bat fecal samples collected from 6 locations in China. A total of 8,746,417 reads with a length of 306,124,595 bp were obtained. Among these reads, 13,541 (0.15%) had similarity to phage sequences and 9,170 (0.1%) had similarity to eukaryotic virus sequences. A total of 129 assembled contigs (>100 nucleotides) were constructed and compared with GenBank: 32 contigs were related to phages, and 97 were related to eukaryotic viruses. The most frequent reads and contigs related to eukaryotic viruses were homologous to densoviruses, dicistroviruses, coronaviruses, parvoviruses, and tobamoviruses, a range that includes viruses from invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Most of the contigs had low identities to known viral genomic or protein sequences, suggesting that a large number of novel and genetically diverse insect viruses as well as putative mammalian viruses are transmitted by bats in China. This study provides the first preliminary understanding of the virome of some bat populations in China, which may guide the discovery and isolation of novel viruses in the future.

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Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Schematic summary of the number of reads related to viruses classified by viral genus, subfamily, and family. The reads were compared with GenBank using BLASTn and BLASTx searches (E value,<0.01).
Fig 2
Fig 2
Phylogenetic analysis of the selected contigs related to densoviruses based on an alignment with 150 aa of the partial VP1 (A) and 170 aa of the partial NS1 region (B). AeDNV,Aedes densonucleosis virus; AdDNV, Acheta domestica densovirus; BgDNV, Blattella germanica densovirus; BmDNV, Bombyx mori densovirus; C6/36DNV, Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell densovirus; CeDNV, Casphalia extranea densovirus; CpDNV, Culex pipiens densovirus; DpDNV, Dendrolimus punctatus densovirus; DplDNV, Dysaphis plantaginea densovirus; DsDNV, Diatraea saccharalis densovirus; GmDNV, Galleria mellonella densovirus; HeDNV, Haemagogus equinus densovirus; JcDNV, Junonia coenia densovirus; MlDNV, Mythimna loreyi densovirus; MpDNV, Myzus persicae densovirus; PcDNV, Planococcus citri densovirus; PfDNV, Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus.
Fig 3
Fig 3
Phylogenetic analysis of dicistrovirus-related sequences. (A) Cripavirus-related contig SC2803 based on the 382 aa of partial NS region. (B) SINV-related contig SC8863 based on the 113 aa of partial ORF2 (coat protein). AEV, avian encephalomyelitis virus; ALPV, aphid lethal paralysis virus; BQCV, black queen cell virus; HHAV, human hepatitis A virus; HiPV, Himetobi P virus; HoCV-1, Homalodisca coagulata virus-1; IAPV, Israel acute paralysis virus of bees; RhPV, Rhopalosiphum padi virus; TrV, Triatoma virus; TSV, Taura syndrome virus; SHAV, simian hepatitis A virus; SINV-1, Solenopsis invicta virus 1; SINV-2, Solenopsis invicta virus 2; SINV-3, Solenopsis invicta virus 3.
Fig 4
Fig 4
Genomic organization (A) and phylogenetic analysis (B) of a bat circovirus-like sequence (BtCV-SC703). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the alignment of the complete amino acid sequence of the Rep protein (267 aa). CaCV, canary circovirus; CAV, chicken anemia virus; CyCV-TB, cyclovirus bat/USA/2009; BFDV, beak and feather disease virus; DuCV, duck circovirus; DfCyV, dragonfly cyclovirus DfCyV; GF-4c, bat cyclovirus GF-4c; GoCV, goose circovirus; GuCV, gull circovirus; FiCV, finch circovirus; NG12, cyclovirus NG12; NG14, cyclovirus NG14; PKgoat21, cyclovirus PKgoat21/PAK/2009; PCV1, porcine circovirus 1; PCV2, porcine circovirus 2; PK5034, cyclovirus PK5034; RaCV, raven circovirus; StCV, starling circovirus; TM-6c, bat circovirus-like virus; TN25, cyclovirus TN25; YN-BtCV-1-5, circovirus-like virus Yunnan strain 1-5.
Fig 5
Fig 5
Phylogenetic analysis of densoviruses and dicistroviruses amplified with specific primers based on an alignment with 180 aa (A) and 172 aa (B) of the partial NS gene and RdRp gene, respectively. The abbreviations in panel A are the same as those in Fig. 2 and 3.
Fig 6
Fig 6
Phylogenetic analysis of bat stool BgDNV-like virus. The predicted amino acid sequences (534 aa) corresponding to the fragments of nonstructural protein (NS-1) of insect-infecting parvoviruses were aligned to generate a phylogenetic tree. Four genera of Densovirinae were marked. The abbreviations of the densoviruses are the same as those in Fig. 2.
Fig 7
Fig 7
Phylogenetic analysis based on an alignment of the partial BtCoV HKU9 N gene sequences (384 nt) amplified from Yunnan fecal sample and other representative coronaviruses. BtCoV HKU9-1, bat coronavirus HKU9-1; BtCoV HKU9-2, bat coronavirus HKU9-2; BtCoV HKU9-3, bat coronavirus HKU9-3; BtCoV HKU9-4, bat coronavirus HKU9-4; BtCoV HKU9-5-1, bat coronavirus HKU9-5-1; BtCoV HKU9-5-2, bat coronavirus HKU9-5-2; BtCoV HKU9-10-1, bat coronavirus HKU9-10-1; BtCoV HKU9-10-2, bat coronavirus HKU9-10-2; HCoV OC43, human coronavirus OC43; HCoV HKU1, human coronavirus HKU1; SARS CoV SZ16, civet SARS coronavirus SZ16; SARS CoV, SARS coronavirus; SARS CoV HKU3-1, bat SARS coronavirus HKU3-1; BtCoV HKU4-1, bat coronavirus HKU4-1; BtCoV HKU4-2, bat coronavirus HKU4-2; BtCoV HKU4-3, bat coronavirus HKU4-3; BtCoV HKU4-4, bat coronavirus HKU4-4; BtCoV HKU5-1, bat coronavirus HKU5-1; BtCoV HKU5-2, bat coronavirus HKU5-2; BtCoV HKU5-3, bat coronavirus HKU5-3; BtCoV HKU5-4, bat coronavirus HKU5-4; BtCoV HKU7, bat coronavirus HKU7; BtCoV/512/2005, bat coronavirus (BtCoV/512/2005); BtCoV HKU8, bat coronavirus HKU8; BtCoV HKU2, bat coronavirus HKU2; HCoV 229E, human coronavirus 229E; HCoV NL63, human coronavirus NL63.
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