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.2011 Dec 12:11:358.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-358.

Deep mitochondrial divergence within a Heliconius butterfly species is not explained by cryptic speciation or endosymbiotic bacteria

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Deep mitochondrial divergence within a Heliconius butterfly species is not explained by cryptic speciation or endosymbiotic bacteria

Astrid G Muñoz et al. BMC Evol Biol..

Abstract

Background: Cryptic population structure can be an indicator of incipient speciation or historical processes. We investigated a previously documented deep break in the mitochondrial haplotypes of Heliconius erato chestertonii to explore the possibility of cryptic speciation, and also the possible presence of endosymbiont bacteria that might drive mitochondrial population structure.

Results: Among a sample of 315 individuals from 16 populations of western Colombia, two principal mtDNA clades were detected with 2.15% divergence and we confirmed this structure was weakly associated with geography. The first mtDNA clade included 87% of individuals from northern populations and was the sister group of H. erato members of Andes western, while the second clade contained most individuals from southern populations (78%), which shared haplotypes with an Ecuadorian race of H. erato. In contrast, analysis using AFLP markers showed H. e. chestertonii to be a genetically homogeneous species with no association between mitochondrial divergence and AFLP structure. The lack of congruence between molecular markers suggests that cryptic speciation is not a plausible explanation for the deep mitochondrial divergence in H. e chestertonii. We also carried out the first tests for the presence of endosymbiontic bacteria in Heliconius, and identified two distinct lineages of Wolbachia within H. e. chestertonii. However, neither of the principal mitochondrial clades of H. e. chestertonii was directly associated with the patterns of infection.

Conclusions: We conclude that historical demographic processes are the most likely explanation for the high mitochondrial differentiation in H. e. chestertonii, perhaps due to gene flow between Cauca valley H. e. chestertonii and west Pacific slope populations of H. erato.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sampling sites ofHeliconius erato chestertoniiandH. e.venusand bayesian tree for the Clade E1 ofHeliconius erato. Symbols correspond to population of origin for the individuals ofH. e. chestertonii, south (gray) or north (black) andH. e. venus(white). The tree is based on mitochondrial genes of Cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, leucine-tRNA and has the same topology as the Parsimony analysis. Posterior probability and bootstrap support are indicated on branches of the principal clusters. Individuals of the different subspecies are identified by bars (right).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Structure Analysis.a. Graphical representation of results obtained from Structure. Upper black and gray bars represent the phenotype of each individual,H. e. chestertoniiandH. e. venusrespectively. The colours represent the Bayesian clusters when the analysis was carried out withK= 2 (upper,L= -20596.26) andK= 3 (lower,L= -20852.973) and correspond toH. e. venus(yelow) andH. e. chestertonii(violet and pink). The lower bars and letters show the population origin of individuals (for description of locations see Table 3).b. The results forK= 3 including only the individuals used in mtDNA analysis (L= -12353). Lower black and gray bars represent individuals in the southern and northern clades.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Matrix of pairwiseFST. Upper and lower matrices show theFSTvalues for mtDNA and AFLP markers respectively, between each population.H. e. chestertonii(black) andH. e. venus(red) localities are provided in Table 3. In the Calima River Valley hybrid zone, individuals were separated by phenotype:H. e. chestertonii(CV) orH. e. venus(CV*).
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