Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders
- PMID:22033899
- PMCID: PMC3181622
- DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2003.5.2/macrocq
Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders
Abstract
Alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs worldwide. They are largely consumed by normal individuals, but their use is even more frequent in psychiatric patients, Thus, patients with schizophrenia tend to abuse all three substances. The interrelationships between depression and alcohol are complex. These drugs can all create dependence, as understood in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Alcohol abuse is clearly deleterious to the brain, provoking acute and chronic mental disorders, ranging from intoxication with impairment of cognition, to delirium tremens, halluosis, and dementia. In contrast, the main health consequences of nicotine, notably cancer and cardiovascular disases, lie outside the realm of psychiatry However, the mes of nicotine dependence and motivation to smoke or quit are of concern to psychiatrists.
El alcohol, la nicotina y la cafeína son las sustancias psicotrópicas utilizadas más ampliamente en todo el mundo. Ellas son consumidas en gran cantidad por sujetos normales y su utilización es mucho más frecuente en los pacientes psiquiátricos. De hecho los pacientes esquizofrénicos tienden a abusar de estas tres sustancias. Las interrelaciones entre depresión y alcohol son complejas. Todas estas sustancias pueden crear dependencia, de la manera en que está definida en el Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales, 4a edición (DSM-IV). El abuso de alcohol es claramente deletéreo para el cerebro, provocando trastornos mentales agudos y crónicos, que van desde la intoxicación con deterioro cognitivo hasta el delirium tremens, la alucinosis y la demencia. En cambio, las principales consecuencias para la salud de la nicotina, especialmente el cáncer y las enfermedades cardiovasculares, están fuera del dominio de la psiquiatría. Sin embargo, el tema de la dependencia de la nicotina y la motivación para fumar o para dejar de hacerlo le conciernen a los psiquiatras.
Alcool, nicotine et caféine sont les substances psychotropes les plus largement utilisées à travers le monde. Si elles sont largement consommées par les individus normaux, leur utilisation est encore plus fréquente chez les patients psychiatriques. Ainsi, les schizophrènes ont tendance à abuser de ces trois substances. Par ailleurs, les relations mutuelles entre dépression et alcool sont complexes. Ces substances peuvent être à l'origine d'une dépendance, ainsi qu'elle est définie dans le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux, 4e édition (DSM-IV). L'abus d'alcool est clairement délétère pour le cerveau, provoquant des troubles mentaux aigus et chroniques allant de l'intoxication avec déficit de la cognition, au delirium tremens, à l'hallucinose et á la démence. En revanche, les principales conséquences de la nicotine en termes de santé, notamment cancer et maladies cardio-vasculaires, sont hors du domaine de la psychiatrie. Il n'en reste pas moins que le problème de la dépendance à la nicotine et la motivation pour fumer ou s'arrêter font partie des préoccupations des psychiatres.
Keywords: Withdrawal; alcohol; caffeine; dependence; depression; nicotine.
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