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.2011 Sep 4;477(7365):452-6.
doi: 10.1038/nature10382.

Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships

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Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships

Kevin M Kocot et al. Nature..

Abstract

Evolutionary relationships among the eight major lineages of Mollusca have remained unresolved despite their diversity and importance. Previous investigations of molluscan phylogeny, based primarily on nuclear ribosomal gene sequences or morphological data, have been unsuccessful at elucidating these relationships. Recently, phylogenomic studies using dozens to hundreds of genes have greatly improved our understanding of deep animal relationships. However, limited genomic resources spanning molluscan diversity has prevented use of a phylogenomic approach. Here we use transcriptome and genome data from all major lineages (except Monoplacophora) and recover a well-supported topology for Mollusca. Our results strongly support the Aculifera hypothesis placing Polyplacophora (chitons) in a clade with a monophyletic Aplacophora (worm-like molluscs). Additionally, within Conchifera, a sister-taxon relationship between Gastropoda and Bivalvia is supported. This grouping has received little consideration and contains most (>95%) molluscan species. Thus we propose the node-based name Pleistomollusca. In light of these results, we examined the evolution of morphological characters and found support for advanced cephalization and shells as possibly having multiple origins within Mollusca.

© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Leading hypotheses of molluscan phylogeny
a, Adenopoda hypothesis placing Chaetodermomorpha basal.b, Hepagastralia hypothesis placing Neomeniomorpha basal.c, Aculifera hypothesis placing Aplacophora sister to Polyplacophora.d, Serialia hypothesis allying Polyplacophora and Monoplacophora.e, Diasoma and Cyrtosoma hypotheses allying bivalves to scaphopods and gastropods to cephalopods, respectively.f, Unnamed hypothesis, allying scaphopods and cephalopods.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Relationships among major lineages of Mollusca based on 308 genes
Bayesian inference topology shown with ML bootstrap support values (bs) >50 and posterior probabilities (pp) >0.50 are listed at each node. Filled circles represent nodes with bs = 100 and pp = 1.00. Taxa from which new data were collected are shown in bold.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Data matrix coverage
Genes are ordered along thex-axis from left to right from best sampled to worst sampled. Taxa are ordered along they-axis from top to bottom from most genes sampled to fewest genes sampled. Black squares represent a sampled gene fragment and white squares represent a missing gene fragment.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Deep molluscan phylogeny as inferred in the present study
Black circles represent nodes with bs = 100 and pp = 1.00. Gray circles represent nodes with bs = 100 and pp ≥ 0.98. The actual specimens ofPolyschides andHanleya used in this study are shown. Photos are not to scale. A full-page version of this figure is presented in Supplementary Fig. 1.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Giribet G, et al. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006;103:7723–7728. - PMC - PubMed
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