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.2011 Feb;24(2):231-44.
doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02184.x. Epub 2010 Dec 3.

Coming to America: multiple origins of New World geckos

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Coming to America: multiple origins of New World geckos

T Gamble et al. J Evol Biol.2011 Feb.

Abstract

Geckos in the Western Hemisphere provide an excellent model to study faunal assembly at a continental scale. We generated a time-calibrated phylogeny, including exemplars of all New World gecko genera, to produce a biogeographical scenario for the New World geckos. Patterns of New World gecko origins are consistent with almost every biogeographical scenario utilized by a terrestrial vertebrate with different New World lineages showing evidence of vicariance, dispersal via temporary land bridge, overseas dispersal or anthropogenic introductions. We also recovered a strong relationship between clade age and species diversity, with older New World lineages having more species than more recently arrived lineages. Our data provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for all New World geckos and highlight the intricate origins and ongoing organization of continental faunas. The phylogenetic and biogeographical hypotheses presented here provide an historical framework to further pursue research on the diversification and assembly of the New World herpetofauna.

© 2010 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2010 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time-calibrated gecko phylogeny using a Bayesian uncorrelated relaxed clock, with five fossil and biogeographic calibrations. Gray boxes indicate New World species and clade numbers are referred to in Table 1. Black circles at nodes indicate clades with ML bootstrap support > 70. The gray vertical line indicates timing of the Africa/South America split. Photos by LJV and TG.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A. Biogeographic hypotheses for the origins of New World geckos at four different historical periods. Numbers inside lines refer to New World clades in Fig. 1. Dashed line indicates likely human-mediated dispersal.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The relationship between clade age and log-transformed species richness for each New World gecko lineage. Clade age is based on the stem age of each New World lineage calculated as the time of divergence with its closest Old World relative.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Two equally parsimonious biogeographic hypotheses for the origins of New World Phyllodactylidae. Arrows indicate dispersal events. Gray boxes enclose New World species and clade numbers are referred to in Fig. 1.
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