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.2010 Jul;20(7):908-16.
doi: 10.1101/gr.102954.109. Epub 2010 Apr 22.

Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species

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Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species

Phillip A Morin et al. Genome Res.2010 Jul.

Abstract

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) currently comprise a single, cosmopolitan species with a diverse diet. However, studies over the last 30 yr have revealed populations of sympatric "ecotypes" with discrete prey preferences, morphology, and behaviors. Although these ecotypes avoid social interactions and are not known to interbreed, genetic studies to date have found extremely low levels of diversity in the mitochondrial control region, and few clear phylogeographic patterns worldwide. This low level of diversity is likely due to low mitochondrial mutation rates that are common to cetaceans. Using killer whales as a case study, we have developed a method to readily sequence, assemble, and analyze complete mitochondrial genomes from large numbers of samples to more accurately assess phylogeography and estimate divergence times. This represents an important tool for wildlife management, not only for killer whales but for many marine taxa. We used high-throughput sequencing to survey whole mitochondrial genome variation of 139 samples from the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and southern oceans. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that each of the known ecotypes represents a strongly supported clade with divergence times ranging from approximately 150,000 to 700,000 yr ago. We recommend that three named ecotypes be elevated to full species, and that the remaining types be recognized as subspecies pending additional data. Establishing appropriate taxonomic designations will greatly aid in understanding the ecological impacts and conservation needs of these important marine predators. We predict that phylogeographic mitogenomics will become an important tool for improved statistical phylogeography and more precise estimates of divergence times.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Sample collection locations with indication of type when known.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(A) Bayesian phylogenetic tree of cetacean phylogeny of whole mitochondrial genomes from the public databases and new species from this study, including 95% highest posterior density interval (HPDI) bars. Nodes with divergence priors are indicated by numbers corresponding to taxonomic groups described in Supplemental Table S5. (B) Whole mitochondrial genome phylogeny of 66 unique killer whale haplotypes. Posterior probabilities are indicated for nodes of interest. Whales of known type are indicated in color, and those of unknown type are in black type.
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