Review
doi: 10.1159/000289578. Epub 2010 Mar 16.A review of sex determining mechanisms in geckos (Gekkota: Squamata)
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- PMCID: PMC2855288
- DOI: 10.1159/000289578
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Review
A review of sex determining mechanisms in geckos (Gekkota: Squamata)
T Gamble. Sex Dev.2010.
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Abstract
Geckos are a species-rich clade of reptiles possessing diverse sex determining mechanisms. Some species possess genetic sex determination, with both male and female heterogamety, while other species have temperature-dependent sex determination. I compiled information from the literature on the taxonomic distribution of these sex determining mechanisms in geckos. Using phylogenetic data from the literature, I reconstructed the minimum number of transitions among these sex determining mechanisms with parsimony-based ancestral state reconstruction. While only a small number of gecko species have been characterized, numerous changes among sex determining mechanisms were inferred. This diversity, coupled with the high frequency of transitions, makes geckos excellent candidates as a model clade for the study of vertebrate sex determination and evolution.
(c) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Figures
Sex determining mechanisms in major tetrapod clades. XY indicates clade contains species with male heterogamety, ZW indicates clade contains species with female heterogamety, TSD indicates clade contains species with temperature dependent sex determination and GSD indicates clade contains species with genetic sex determination not associated with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Phylogeny compiled from the following sources: tetrapods [Hugall et al., 2007]; turtles [Iverson et al., 2007]; squamates [Vidal and Hedges, 2009]. Sex determining mechanisms were taken from multiple sources, including recent reviews of vertebrate sex determining mechanisms [Hillis and Green, 1990; Harlow, 2004; Janzen and Krenz, 2004; Valenzuela, 2004; Andrews, 2005; Organ and Janes, 2008].
Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan families [Gamble et al., 2008b] showing the number of described species in each family followed by the number of species with known sex determining mechanism. The variety of sex determining mechanisms described for species in each family are also shown.
Ancestral state reconstructions of gekkotan sex determining mechanisms using parsimony. Phylogeny was reconstructed using the supertree method from 7 published phylogenies. Species were assigned to 3 sex determining mechanisms: Temperature dependent sex determination (TSD), male heterogamety (XY), and female heterogamety (ZW). The ancestral condition of the outgroup was coded as a different character state in each of 3 analyses. Polymorphic states are shown as multi-colored circles.Coleonyx andParoedura are shown in bold. These 2 genera were coded as either ZW or XY and their sex determining mechanisms were estimated as part of the analysis.
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