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Review
.2009 Dec;10(4):271-8.
doi: 10.1007/s11154-009-9120-x.

The role of retinal photoreceptors in the regulation of circadian rhythms

Affiliations
Review

The role of retinal photoreceptors in the regulation of circadian rhythms

Ketema N Paul et al. Rev Endocr Metab Disord.2009 Dec.

Abstract

The circadian clock is an evolutionarily, highly conserved feature of most organisms. This internal timing mechanism coordinates biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes to maintain synchrony with the environmental cycles of light, temperature and nutrients. Several studies have shown that light is the most potent cue used by most organisms (humans included) to synchronize daily activities. In mammals, light perception occurs only in the retina; three different types of photoreceptors are present within this tissue: cones, rods and the newly discovered intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Researchers believe that the classical photoreceptors (e.g., the rods and the cones) are responsible for the image-forming vision, whereas the ipRGCs play a key role in the non-image forming vision. This non-image-forming photoreceptive system communicates not only with the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, but also with many other brain areas that are known to be involved in the regulation of several functions; thus, this non-image forming system may also affect several aspects of mammalian health independently from the circadian system.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Two types of melanopsin containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) M1 and M2 are present in the retina. Earlier research highlighted type III mRGC'scells and type II mRGC'smore recent studies refer to these as M1 cells (type III) and M2 cells (type II) based upon morphologic and physiologic comparisons. The width of the projection from the M1 cell to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus represents the proportion of innervation, 80%, versus 20% from the M2 cells. The innervation to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) from M1 cells is 55% versus 45% from M2 cells. A recent study shows that the dendrites of M1 mRGC'sare localized to sublamina A of the innerplexiformlayer (off), while M2 dendrites localize to sublamina B (on) as depicted by the difference in stratification. The dendrites of the M2 mRGC'sare considerably more complex and span a larger diameter than the M1 mRGC's. The M1 cells are considerably smaller but respond with significantly larger depolarizations and light-induced currents than do the M2 cells. The red and blue arrows represent the exclusive dendrodentdriticplexus between M1 mRGC'sand the dopaminergicamacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer. The other neural targets of mRGCs not shown in the figure include the pre-optic area, sub paraventricular zone, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, medial amygdaloid-nucleus, lateral habenula, lateral geniculate nucleus (dorsal division), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, and superior colliculus. (OS outer segments;IS inner segments;ONL outer nuclear layer;OPL outer plexiform layer;INL inner nuclear layer;IPL innerplexiform layer;GCL ganglion cell layer)
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