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.2009 Jun 15;4(6):e5914.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005914.

Adaptive response to DNA-damaging agents in natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations from "Evolution Canyon", Mt. Carmel, Israel

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Adaptive response to DNA-damaging agents in natural Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations from "Evolution Canyon", Mt. Carmel, Israel

Gabriel A Lidzbarsky et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

Background: Natural populations of most organisms, especially unicellular microorganisms, are constantly exposed to harsh environmental factors which affect their growth. UV radiation is one of the most important physical parameters which influences yeast growth in nature. Here we used 46 natural strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from several natural populations at the "Evolution Canyon" microsite (Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel). The opposing slopes of this canyon share the same geology, soil, and macroclimate, but they differ in microclimatic conditions. The interslope differences in solar radiation (200%-800% more on the "African" slope) caused the development of two distinct biomes. The south-facing slope is sunnier and has xeric, savannoid "African" environment while the north-facing slope is represented by temperate, "European" forested environment. Here we studied the phenotypic response of the S. cerevisiae strains to UVA and UVC radiations and to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in order to evaluate the interslope effect on the strains' ability to withstand DNA-damaging agents.

Methodology/principal findings: We exposed our strains to the different DNA-damaging agents and measured survival by counting colony forming units. The strains from the "African" slope were more resilient to both UVA and MMS than the strains from the "European" slope. In contrast, we found that there was almost no difference between strains (with similar ploidy) from the opposite slopes, in their sensitivity to UVC radiation. These results suggest that the "African" strains are more adapted to higher solar radiation than the "European" strains. We also found that the tetraploids strains were more tolerant to all DNA-damaging agents than their neighboring diploid strains, which suggest that high ploidy level might be a mechanism of adaptation to high solar radiation.

Conclusions/significance: Our results and the results of parallel studies with several other organisms, suggest that natural selection appears to select, at a microscale, for adaptive complexes that can tolerate the higher UV radiation on the "African" slope.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Pictures of “Evolution Canyon”.
(A) A cross section of “Evolution Canyon” (lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel). The right slope is the south-facing, “African”, xeric slope, and the left slope is the north-facing, “European”, temperate slope. The numbers represent the populations (sites). (B) An air-view of the canyon. The dark area is the “European” forested slope; the light area is the “African” savannoid slope.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Total averaged survival score of the “African” (AS) and “European” (ES) strains (UVA radiation).
n = 23 for each slope. The bars represent standard errors. The averages are significantly different (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.001).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Averaged survival rates of the “African” (AS) and “European” (ES) diploid and tetraploid strains (UVA radiation)
. The diploids sample size is 7 for each slope. The tetraploids sample size is 14 for the AS and 13 for the ES. Bars represent standard errors. The survival rate of the “African” diploids was significantly higher than the survival rate of the “European” diploids. (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.004). The survival rate of the “African” tetraploids was significantly higher than the survival rate of the “European” tetraploids. (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.001). The survival rate of the “African” diploids was not significantly different than the survival rate of the “European” tetraploids (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.81).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Total averaged survival score of the “African” (AS) and “European” (ES) strains (UVC radiation).
n = 23 for each slopes. The bars represent standard errors. The averages are not significantly different (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.436).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Averaged survival rates of the “African” (AS) and “European” (ES) diploid strains (UVC radiation).
The diploids sample size is 7 for each slope. The tetraploids sample size is 14 for the AS and 13 for the ES. Bars represent standard errors. The survival rate of the “African” diploid is not significantly different than the survival rate of the “European” diploids. (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.442). The survival rate of the “African” tetraploids is not significantly different than the survival rate of the “European” tetraploids. (Mann-Whitney test, p = 0.4).
Figure 6
Figure 6. Survival rates of the “African” (AS) and “European” (ES) diploid strains (UVC radiation).
The AS strains are colored in black and the ES strains are colored in gray. Bars represent standard errors.
Figure 7
Figure 7. MMS sensitivity assay with diploid strains.
In the three pictures the “African” diploid strains are on the left side of the picture, and the “European” diploid strains are on the right (n = 7 for each slope). (A) YPD plates containing 0.01% MMS. (B) YPD plates containing 0.03% MMS. (C) YPD plates containing 0.05% MMS.
Figure 8
Figure 8. MMS sensitivity assay with tetraploid strains.
In the two pictures the “African” tetraploid strains are on the left side of the picture, and the “European” tetraploid strains are on the right (n = 7 for each slope). (A) YPD plates containing 0.03% MMS. (B) YPD plates containing 0.05% MMS.
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