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.2009 May 19;106(20):8267-72.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810821106. Epub 2009 May 4.

Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory

Affiliations

Vast underestimation of Madagascar's biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory

David R Vieites et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

Amphibians are in decline worldwide. However, their patterns of diversity, especially in the tropics, are not well understood, mainly because of incomplete information on taxonomy and distribution. We assess morphological, bioacoustic, and genetic variation of Madagascar's amphibians, one of the first near-complete taxon samplings from a biodiversity hotspot. Based on DNA sequences of 2,850 specimens sampled from over 170 localities, our analyses reveal an extreme proportion of amphibian diversity, projecting an almost 2-fold increase in species numbers from the currently described 244 species to a minimum of 373 and up to 465. This diversity is widespread geographically and across most major phylogenetic lineages except in a few previously well-studied genera, and is not restricted to morphologically cryptic clades. We classify the genealogical lineages in confirmed and unconfirmed candidate species or deeply divergent conspecific lineages based on concordance of genetic divergences with other characters. This integrative approach may be widely applicable to improve estimates of organismal diversity. Our results suggest that in Madagascar the spatial pattern of amphibian richness and endemism must be revisited, and current habitat destruction may be affecting more species than previously thought, in amphibians as well as in other animal groups. This case study suggests that worldwide tropical amphibian diversity is probably underestimated at an unprecedented level and stresses the need for integrated taxonomic surveys as a basis for prioritizing conservation efforts within biodiversity hotspots.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Phylogenetic, geographic, and historical patterns of undescribed amphibian diversity in Madagascar. (A) Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 236 (out of 244) described species and 258 deeply divergent genealogical lineages of Malagasy frogs (among them 129 CCS and 92 UCS and 37 DCL with >3% genetic divergence to nearest described neighbor) based on a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Circles represent CCS (brown), UCS (orange), and DCL (light orange). Inset photos show some of these forms (seeSI Appendix). He,Heterixalus (Hyperoliidae); Dy,Dyscophus; Sc, Scaphiophryninae; Co, Cophylinae (Microhylidae); Sp,Spinomantis; Md,Mantidactylus; Mt,Mantella; Gu,Guibemantis; Ge,Gephyromantis; Bo,Boophis; Bl,Blommersia; Ag,Aglyptodactylus (Mantellidae). (B andC) Maps of collecting localities of described species (B) and of CCS and UCS (C) of Malagasy frogs, and remaining primary vegetation (evergreen forests, blue; nonevergreen forests, gray). Current protected area network is shown in red. (D) Cumulative number of species currently considered as valid per 10-year intervals (2001–2008 for the current decade), and the CCS, UCS, and DCL identified in the present paper. (E) Total numbers of described species and CCS, UCS, and DCL in major clades of Malagasy frogs.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Examples of combined phylogeographic, bioacoustic, and morphological evidence used to classify divergent mitochondrial lineages as CCS or DCL. (A)Boophis majori andB. aff.majori are sympatric CCS; despite their only low genetic divergence, they have distinct and constant differences in tadpole morphology and qualitative differences in advertisement calls, without signal of genetic admixture. (B andC)B. luteus (B) andGuibemantis liber (C) consist of deeply divergent genealogical lineages classified as DCL, because the call differences only affect quantitative parameters such as note-repetition rate inB. luteus, and there are no morphological or ecological differences between the populations. Furthermore, genetic admixture of the lineages was detected inG. liber at one locality.
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