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.2009 Apr 21;106(16):6561-6.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901846106. Epub 2009 Apr 6.

Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P

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Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 B.P

Bruce D Smith et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

Although geneticists and archaeologists continue to make progress world-wide in documenting the time and place of the initial domestication of a growing number of plants and animals, far less is known regarding the critically important context of coalescence of various species into distinctive sets or complexes of domesticates in each of the world's 10 or more independent centers of agricultural origin. In this article, the initial emergence of a crop complex is described for one of the best-documented of these independent centers, eastern North America (ENA). Before 4000 B.P. there is no indication of a crop complex in ENA, only isolated evidence for single indigenous domesticate species. By 3800 B.P., however, at least 5 domesticated seed-bearing plants formed a coherent complex in the river valley corridors of ENA. Accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon dates and reanalysis of archaeobotanical assemblages from a short occupation of the Riverton Site in Illinois documents the contemporary cultivation at 3800 B.P. of domesticated bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), marshelder (Iva annua var. macrocarpa), sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus), and 2 cultivated varieties of chenopod (Chenopodium berlandieri), as well as the possible cultivation of Cucurbita pepo squash and little barley (Hordeum pusillum). Rather than marking either an abrupt developmental break or a necessary response to population-packing or compressed resource catchments, the coalescence of an initial crop complex in ENA appears to reflect an integrated expansion and enhancement of preexisting hunting and gathering economies that took place within a context of stable long-term adaptation to resource-rich river valley settings.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Locations of the late Archaic period archaeological sites discussed in the text. Oak-Savannah and Oak-Hickory Forest Regions at 5000 B.P. are based on ref. .
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Unit X block excavation at the Riverton site showing the location of house floors, hearths, and features. Species listed for each feature are from ref. (seed counts listed, nut species listed if present).(Feature 1) Midden deposit: 100 “bony” chenopod, 5 carbonized chenopod, 1 cf.Hordeum sp., 4 elderberry, butternut, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, hazelnut, acorn.(Feature 1B) Nutshell concentration (3820 cal B.P.): 207 “bony” chenopod, 4 carbonized chenopod, 2 elderberry, butternut, walnut, hickory, hazelnut.(Feature 4) Midden deposit: 1 carbonized chenopod, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, hazelnut, acorn.(Feature 6) Midden deposit: 3 carbonized chenopod, walnut, hickory.(Feature 6A) Midden deposit: 200 “bony” chenopod.(Feature 8) Midden deposit: 1 walnut, hickory.(Feature 8A) Nutshell concentration (3690 cal B.P.): 23 carbonized chenopod, 1 sunflower seed, 11 polygonum, 1 persimmon, 2Cucurbita rind fragments, butternut, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, acorn.(Feature 11) Oval storage pit: bitternut hickory.(Feature 13A) Small pit filled with charred nutshell (3810 cal B.P.): 30 “bony” chenopod, 3Cucurbita rind fragments, butternut, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, acorn.(Feature 15) Burned sandstone concentration: 2 “bony” chenopod, 4 carbonized chenopod, bottle gourd rind fragment, butternut, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, hazelnut, acorn.(Feature 16) Midden deposit: 2 “bony” chenopod, butternut, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory.(Feature 18) Burned sandstone concentration: hickory.(Feature 25N) Midden deposit: 4 carbonized chenopod, 1 persimmon, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, acorn.(Feature 29) Circular pit filled with fine gray ash (3620 cal B.P.): 8 carbonized chenopod, carbonized marshelder seeds, hickory, acorn.(Feature 32) Midden deposit: 3 carbonized chenopod, walnut, hickory, bitternut hickory, hazelnut, acorn.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Riverton Site (Unit X) paleC. berlandieri specimens exhibiting diagnostic domesticate characters: golden color, truncated seed margin, and very prominent “beak.” (A) Fruit from Fig. 2, Feature 13A. (B) Fruit from Fig. 2, Feature 1B. (C) Scanning electron micrograph of cross-section of seed coat structure ofB showing pericarp (p), inner epiderm (e), and radicle (r).
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Comment in

  • Ancient farming in eastern North America.
    Price TD.Price TD.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6427-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902617106. Epub 2009 Apr 20.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009.PMID:19380714Free PMC article.No abstract available.

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References

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