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.2009 Mar 23:10:24.
doi: 10.1186/1471-2202-10-24.

Sexual differentiation of the zebra finch song system: potential roles for sex chromosome genes

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Sexual differentiation of the zebra finch song system: potential roles for sex chromosome genes

Michelle L Tomaszycki et al. BMC Neurosci..

Abstract

Background: Recent evidence suggests that some sex differences in brain and behavior might result from direct genetic effects, and not solely the result of the organizational effects of steroid hormones. The present study examined the potential role for sex-biased gene expression during development of sexually dimorphic singing behavior and associated song nuclei in juvenile zebra finches.

Results: A microarray screen revealed more than 2400 putative genes (with a false discovery rate less than 0.05) exhibiting sex differences in the telencephalon of developing zebra finches. Increased expression in males was confirmed in 12 of 20 by qPCR using cDNA from the whole telencephalon; all of these appeared to be located on the Z sex chromosome. Six of the genes also showed increased expression in one or more of the song control nuclei of males at post-hatching day 25. Although the function of half of the genes is presently unknown, we have identified three as: 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and sorting nexin 2.

Conclusion: The data suggest potential influences of these genes in song learning and/or masculinization of song system morphology, both of which are occurring at this developmental stage.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Time-line for develoment of singing behavior and sexual differentiation of the song control nuclei in zebra finches. *Projection apparent at this age in males. Information synthesized from [9,40,47,65,2,3].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Darkfield images fromin situhybridization depicting sexually dimorphic mRNA expression forCK303566in the zebra finch song system at day 25 post-hatching. Arrows delineate borders of song regions. This gene showed the most extensive sex differences in expression. In lMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium) males (A) show higher levels of mRNA expression (i.e. higher densities of silver grains) than do females (B). Similar differences were obtained in the portion of the medial striatum which contains area X in males (C), although area X is not morphologically distinct in females (D), and in RA (robust nucleus of the arcopallium, panels E = males, F = females). However, in HVC, no specific labeling was detected in either sex (panel G = male, panel H = female). Scale bar = 200 μm for lMAN and area X; 100 μm for HVC and RA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Darkfield images fromin situhybridization depicting sexually dimorphic mRNA expression forCK310795(Methyl-crotonyl carboxylase CoA) in the zebra finch song system at day 25 post-hatching. Arrows delineate borders of song regions. In lMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium), males (A) show higher levels of mRNA expression (i.e. higher densities of silver grains) than do females (B). Expression was also increased in males (C) compared to females (D) in the portion of the medial striatum that contains area X in males. Scale bar = 200 μm.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Darkfield images fromin situhybridization depicting sexually dimorphic mRNA expression forCK306803(Sorting nexin 2) in the zebra finch song system at day 25 post-hatching. Arrows delineate borders of song regions. In area X (or the portion of the medial striatum containing it), males (A) showed higher levels of mRNA expression than did females (B). The increased expression of this gene in males (C) compared to females (D) was also detected in HVC. Scale bar = 200 μm for area X and 100 μm for HVC.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Darkfield images fromin situhybridization depicting sexually dimorphic mRNA expression forCK313884(17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV) in HVC at day 25 post-hatching. Arrows delineate borders of song region. Males (A) showed higher levels of mRNA expression than did females (B). Scale bar = 100 μm.
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References

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