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.2008 Oct 27;363(1508):3413-26.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0120.

Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history

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Molecular and morphological analysis of the critically endangered Fijian iguanas reveals cryptic diversity and a complex biogeographic history

J Scott Keogh et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci..

Abstract

The Pacific iguanas of the Fijian and Tongan archipelagos are a biogeographic enigma in that their closest relatives are found only in the New World. They currently comprise two genera and four species of extinct and extant taxa. The two extant species, Brachylophus fasciatus from Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu and Brachylophus vitiensis from western Fiji, are of considerable conservation concern with B. vitiensis listed as critically endangered. A recent molecular study has shown that Brachylophus comprised three evolutionarily significant units. To test these conclusions and to reevaluate the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships within Brachylophus, we generated an mtDNA dataset consisting of 1462 base pairs for 61 individuals from 13 islands, representing both Brachylophus species. Unweighted parsimony analyses and Bayesian analyses produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis supported by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities within Brachylophus. Our data reject the monophyly of specimens previously believed to comprise B. fasciatus. Instead, our data demonstrate that living Brachylophus comprise three robust and well-supported clades that do not correspond to current taxonomy. One of these clades comprises B. fasciatus from the Lau group of Fiji and Tonga (type locality for B. fasciatus), while a second comprises putative B. fasciatus from the central regions of Fiji, which we refer to here as B. n. sp. Animals in this clade form the sister group to B. vitiensis rather than other B. fasciatus. We herein describe this clade as a new species of Brachylophus based on molecular and morphological data. With only one exception, every island is home to one or more unique haplotypes. We discuss alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain their distribution in the Pacific and the difficulties of distinguishing these. Together, our molecular and taxonomic results have important implications for future conservation initiatives for the Pacific iguanas.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Species distributions forBrachylophus iguanas in Fiji based on genetic and morphological analyses withB. bulabula sp. nov. in red,B. fasciatus in blue andB. vitiensis in green. Turquoise triangles represent populations that were assessed morphologically but not assigned to a species due to the limited number of samples. Most island names mentioned in the text are noted. Numbers represent proposed biotic provinces for terrestrial herpetofauna as defined by Olsonet al. (modified from Olsonet al. in press). 1, Fiji dry forest; 2, Fiji moist forest; 3, Lau group. Squares, both genetics and morphology; circles, only genetics; triangles, only morphology. Background map courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Parsimony phylogram of the Iguaninae based on combined ND4 and cytochromeb mitochondrial DNA sequences. (b) Parsimony bootstrap consensus tree. Numbers in bold represent bootstraps and numbers in italics represent posterior probabilities. See text for details and the electronic supplementary material, figure 1, for individual gene trees. For both figures, non-Brachylophus individuals include only species for which both genes were available on GenBank (accession numbers in figure 1 in the electronic supplementary material). AllBrachylophus samples are from Fiji except the introduced populations in Vanuatu and Tonga. The holotype ofB. bulabula sp. nov. (CAS 172524) from Ovalau Island is indicated in bold and the type localities forB. vitiensis (Yadua Taba) andB. fasciatus (Tonga) were included in our sampling.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) FemaleB. bulabula sp. nov. from Kadavu Island, Fiji; photo by Peter Harlow. (b) MaleB. bulabula sp. nov. from Kadavu Island, Fiji; photo by Paddy Ryan. Note the sexual dimorphism in colour pattern and diagnostic nuchal stripe, yellow nostril and red eye colour inB. bulabula sp. nov. (c) MaleB. fasciatus from Eueiki Island, Tonga, representing the introduced populations that are type location (country) forB. fasciatus; photo by Harold Cogger. (d) MaleB. fasciatus from Aiwa Levu Island, Fiji, representing the native populations of this species from the Lau Group Islands; photo by Greg Pregill. Note the diagnosticB. fasciatus features of nuchal spotting, reduced nostril coloration and golden eye colour. (e) FemaleB. vitiensis from Yadua Taba Island, Fiji. (f) MaleB. vitiensis from Yadua Taba Island, Fiji. Both photos by Suzanne Morrison.Brachylophus vitiensis is highly variable in coloration and pattern. Note the prominent crest that is both larger and darker thanB. bulabula orB. fasciatus, lack of colour pattern dimorphism, the nuchal stripe that it shares withB. bulabula and the increased yellow nasal coloration and golden eye colour.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Nasal scales of (a)B. bulabula, (b)B. fasciatus and (c)B. vitiensis. Note the difference in shape and colour. The nasal scale ofB. bulabula is circular with a central placement of the nostril and yellow pigmentation. The nasal scale ofB. fasciatus is elliptical with a more dorsal placement of the slit-like nostril and reduced orange pigmentation that does not cover the entire nasal. The nasal scale ofB. vitiensis is elliptical with an elliptical nostril and yellow-orange coloration that extends to the surrounding scales.
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