Review
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0065.Review. Hybrid trait speciation and Heliconius butterflies
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- PMID:18579480
- PMCID: PMC2607310
- DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0065
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Review
Review. Hybrid trait speciation and Heliconius butterflies
Chris D Jiggins et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci..
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Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) is the establishment of a novel species through introgressive hybridization without a change in chromosome number. We discuss different routes by which this might occur and propose a novel term, 'hybrid trait speciation', which combines the idea that hybridization can generate adaptive novelty with the 'magic trait' model of ecological speciation. Heliconius butterflies contain many putative examples of hybrid colour patterns, but only recently has the HHS hypothesis been tested explicitly in this group. Molecular data has shown evidence for gene flow between many distinct species. Furthermore, the colour pattern of Heliconius heurippa can be recreated in laboratory crosses between Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno and, crucially, plays a role in assortative mating between the three species. Nonetheless, although the genome of H. heurippa shows evidence for hybridization, it is not a mosaic of the two parental species. Instead, ongoing hybridization has likely blurred any signal of the original speciation event. We argue that where hybridization leads to novel adaptive traits that also cause reproductive isolation, it is likely to trigger speciation.
Figures
Two possible routes to hybrid speciation. (a) Hybrid trait speciation involves backcrossing of genes from lineage B into the genome of A. If those genes control a trait with adaptive potential that also causes reproductive isolation (similar to a magic trait,sensu Gavrilets 2004), then this might give rise to establishment of the novel species C. (b) In contrast, under mosaic genome hybrid speciation the novel species C is formed by the establishment and stabilization of a recombinant lineage combining compatible regions of the genome in similar proportions from A and B.
Some putative examples of hybrid patterns inHeliconius and their progenitors. (a) (i)Heliconius erato notabilis, (ii)Heliconius erato etylus and (iii)Heliconius erato emma. The position of the forewing spot inH. erato etylus is apparently homologous to that of the most distal spot ofH. erato notabilis. (b) (i)Heliconius melpomene melpomene, (ii)Heliconius heurippa and (iii)Heliconius cydno cordula. Crosses have shown that theH. heurippa pattern can be recreated by crossing the other two forms. (c) (i)Heliconius charithonia, (ii)Heliconius hermathena renatae and (iii)Heliconius erato hydara.Heliconius hermathena has yellow bands and spots similar to that ofH. charithonia and a red band similar to that ofH. erato hydara.
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