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Review
.2007 Jul 18;2007(3):CD001434.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2.

Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot

Affiliations
Review

Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot

F Crawford et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev..

Abstract

Background: Fungal infections of the feet normally occur in the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). The skin between the toes is a frequent site of infection which can cause pain and itchiness. Fungal infections of the nail (onychomycosis) can affect the entire nail plate.

Objectives: To assess the effects of topical treatments in successfully treating (rate of treatment failure) fungal infections of the skin of the feet and toenails and in preventing recurrence.

Search strategy: We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (January 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE and EMBASE (from inception to January 2005). We screened the Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, CAB - Health and Healthstar, CINAHL DARE, NHS Economic Evaluation Database and EconLit (March 2005). Bibliographies were searched.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using participants who had mycologically diagnosed fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently summarised the included trials and appraised their quality of reporting using a structured data extraction tool.

Main results: Of the 144 identified papers, 67 trials met the inclusion criteria. Placebo-controlled trials yielded the following pooled risk ratios (RR) of treatment failure for skin infections: allylamines RR 0.33 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.44); azoles RR 0.30 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.45); ciclopiroxolamine RR 0.27 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.66); tolnaftate RR 0.19 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.44); butenafine RR 0.33 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.45); undecanoates RR 0.29 (95% CI 0.12 - 0.70). Meta-analysis of 11 trials comparing allylamines and azoles showed a risk ratio of treatment failure RR 0.63 (95% CI 0.42 to 0.94) in favour of allylamines. Evidence for the management of topical treatments for infections of the toenails is sparser. There is some evidence that ciclopiroxolamine and butenafine are both effective but they both need to be applied daily for prolonged periods (at least 1 year). The 6 trials of nail infections provided evidence that topical ciclopiroxolamine has poor cure rates and that amorolfine might be substantially more effective but more research is required.

Authors' conclusions: Placebo-controlled trials of allylamines and azoles for athlete's foot consistently produce much higher percentages of cure than placebo. Allylamines cure slightly more infections than azoles and are now available OTC. Further research into the effectiveness of antifungal agents for nail infections is required.

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Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

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2
3
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4
4
5
5
6
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1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Allylamines vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Allylamines vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Allylamines vs Placebo, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >80% follow‐up included.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Azoles (tx 4‐6 weeks) vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Azoles (tx 4‐6 weeks) vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Azoles (tx 4‐6 weeks) vs Placebo, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Other topical antifungal treatments vs Placebo, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Other topical antifungal treatments vs Placebo, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Other topical antifungal treatments vs Placebo, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Comparisons between different allylamines or allylamine regimes, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Comparisons between different allylamines or allylamine regimes, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Comparisons between different allylamines or allylamine regimes, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Comparisons between different allylamines or allylamine regimes, Outcome 4 Long term (12 weeks onwards) treatment failure.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparisons between different azoles or azole regimes, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparisons between different azoles or azole regimes, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparisons between different azoles or azole regimes, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Comparisons between different azoles or azole regimes, Outcome 4 Long term (12 weeks onwards) treatment failure.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Allylamines 1‐2 weeks vs Azoles 1‐2 weeks, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Allylamines 1‐2 weeks vs Azoles 1‐2 weeks, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Allylamines 1‐2 weeks vs Azoles 1‐2 weeks, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Allylamines 1‐2 weeks vs Azoles 1‐2 weeks, Outcome 4 Long term (12 weeks onwards) treatment failure.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Allylamines 1 week vs Azoles 4 weeks, Outcome 1 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Allylamines 1 week vs Azoles 4 weeks, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Allylamines 4‐6 weeks vs Azoles 4‐6 weeks, Outcome 1 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Allylamines 4‐6 weeks vs Azoles 4‐6 weeks, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Allylamines 4‐6 weeks vs Azoles 4‐6 weeks, Outcome 3 Long term (12 weeks onwards) treatment failure.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Allylamines vs Other antifungal topical skin treatments, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Allylamines vs Other antifungal topical skin treatments, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Azoles vs Other antifungal topical skin treatments, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Azoles vs Other antifungal topical skin treatments, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Azoles vs Other antifungal topical skin treatments, Outcome 3 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Comparisons between other topical antifungal treatments, Outcome 1 Short term (2 weeks) treatment failure.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Comparisons between other topical antifungal treatments, Outcome 2 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Comparisons between other topical antifungal treatments, Outcome 3 Long term (12 weeks onwards) treatment failure.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Comparisons between other topical antifungal treatments, Outcome 4 Medium term (6 weeks) treatment failure. Only >=80% follow‐up included..
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Treatments for onychomycosis (nail infections), Outcome 1 Treatments versus placebo, treatment failure.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 Treatments for onychomycosis (nail infections), Outcome 2 Comparisons between active treatments, treatment failure.
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Zaug 1992 {published data only}
    1. Zaug M, Bergstraesser M. Amorolfine in the treatment of onychomycosis and dermatomycosis: an overview. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17(suppl):61‐70. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Albanese 1992 {published data only}
    1. Albanese G, Cintio R, Giorgetti P, Galbiati G, Ciampini Ml. Recurrent tinea pedis: a double blind study on the prophylactic use of fenticonazole powder. Mycoses 1992;35:5‐6. - PubMed
Alexander 1972 {published data only}
    1. Alexander JOD, Grant PW. The treatment of skin infections: a double blind trial of fentiderm. Clinical Trials Journal 1972;9:9‐12.
Aly 1994 {published data only}
    1. Aly R, Bayles CI, Oakes RA, Bibel DJ, Maibach HI. Topical griseofulvin in the treatment of dermatophytoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:43‐6. - PubMed
    1. Li Q, Li M, Jin L, Qin L‐M, Gu J, Liu WD, Guo Z‐L. Clinical efficacy of compound econazole cream in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea inguinalis, tinea manus, tinea pedis and its safety. Pharmaceutical care and research (Yaoxue Fuwu Yu Yanjin) 2001;4(1):52‐4.
Arenas 1991 {published data only}
    1. Arenas R, Fernadez G, Dominguez L. Onychomycosis treated with itraconazole or griseofulvin alone with and without a topical antimycotic or keratolytic agent. International Journal of Dermatology 1991;30(8):586‐589. - PubMed
Athow Frost 1986 {published data only}
    1. Athow‐Frost TAM, Freeman K, Mann TAN, Marks R, Vollum D, Warin AP. Clinical evaluation of fenticonazole cream in cutaneous fungal infections: a comparison with miconazole cream. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1986;10:107‐16. - PubMed
Avlia 1985 {published data only}
    1. Avila JM. Treatment of dermatomycoses with sulconazole 1% nitrate cream or miconazole nitrate 2% cream: a double‐blind comparative study. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1985;38:328‐33.
Baran 2000 {published data only}
    1. Baran R, Feuilhade M, Datry A, Goettmann S, Pierini P, Vigue C, Badillet G, Larner C, Czernielewski J. A randomised trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic nail toenail onychomycosis. British Journal of Dermatology 2000;142:1177‐1183. - PubMed
Barnetson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Barnetson RS, Marley J, Bullen M, Brookman S, Cowen P, Ellis D, Williams T. Comparison of one week of oral terbinafine (250 mg/day) with four weeks of treatment with clotrimazole 1% cream in interdigital tinea pedis. British Journal of Dermatology 1998;139(4):675‐8. - PubMed
Bjornberg 1986 {published data only}
    1. Bjornberg A, Tegner E. Treatment of tinea with miconazole and miconazole‐hydrocortisone. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1986;40:471‐4.
Clayton 1982 {published data only}
    1. Clayton YM, Hay RJ, McGibbon DH, Pye RJ. Double‐blind comparison of the efficacy of tioconazole and miconazole for the treatment of fungal infection of the skin. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1982;7:543‐51. - PubMed
Cuce 1980 {published data only}
    1. Cuce LC, Contijo Assuncao BF, Medawar LGA, Salibian A, Groppi W. Tolciclate versus miconazole: a double‐blind trial in patients with dermatomycosis. The Journal of international medical research 1980;8:144‐7. - PubMed
Cuce 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cuce LC. Sulcanazole nitrate 1% cream versus clotrimazole 1% cream in the treatment of tinea pedis. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1989;45:421‐7.
Daily 1985 {published data only}
    1. Daily AD, Kramer KJ, Rex IH, Thorne EG. Econazole nitrate (spectazole) cream 1%: a topical agent for the treatment of tinea pedis. Cutis 1985;35:278‐80. - PubMed
Del Palacio 1989 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Gip L, Bergstraesser M, Zaug M. Dose‐finding study of amorolfine cream (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17(suppl 1):50‐5. - PubMed
Del Palacio 1991 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Lopez S, Gimeno C, Garcia‐Lacalle C, Cuetara S, Garcia‐Bravo M, et al. Randomized comparative study: amorolfine cream (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) in dermatomycoses. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1991;1:299‐303.
Del Palacio 1992 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Lopez‐Gomez S, Cuetara S, Iglesias‐Diez L, Rodriguez‐Noriega A. Experience with amorolfine in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Dermatology 1992;184(suppl 1):25‐9. - PubMed
Del Palacio 1999 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Cuetara S, Perez A, Garau M, Calvo T, Sanchez‐Alor G. Topical treatment of dermatophytosis and cutaneous candidosis with flutrimazole 1% cream: double‐blind, randomised comparative trial with ketoconazole cream. Mycoses 1999;42:649‐55. - PubMed
Del Palacio 2000 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Oritz FJ, Perez A, Pazos C, Garan M, Font E. A double‐blind randomised comparative trial: eberconazole 1%cream versus clotrimazole 1% cream twice daily in candida and dermatophyte skin infections. Mycosis 2000;44:173‐80. - PubMed
Del Palacio A 1992 {published data only}
    1. Palacio A, Gip L, Bergstraesser M, Zaug M. Dose‐finding study of amorolfine cream (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17(suppl 1):50‐5. - PubMed
Duncan 1975 {published data only}
    1. Duncan WC. Tinea pedis: treatment with topical miconazole. Cutis 1975;16:647‐9.
Effendy 1987 {published data only}
    1. Effendy I, Friederich HC. Double‐blind randomised comparative trial of naftifine solution (once daily) and clotrimazole solution (twice daily) in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Mykosen 1987;30:104‐11.
Evans E 1994 {published data only}
    1. Evans EGV. A comparison of terbinafine (Lamisil) 1% cream given for one week with clotrimazole (Canesten) 1% cream given for four weeks in the treatment of tinea pedis. British Journal of Dermatology 1994;130:12‐4. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1972 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T. Topical treatment with BAY b 5097: a new broad‐spectrum antimycotic agent. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:628‐30. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1974 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T. Topical treatment of superficial mycoses with clotrimazole. Post Graduate Medical Journal 1974;50:62‐4. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1977 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T. Treatment of dermatomycosis with topical miconazole (Daktar). Opusc Med 1977;22:80‐1.
Fredriksson 1982 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T. Treatment of dermatomycosis with topical tioconazole and miconazole. Dermatologica 1983;166:14‐19. - PubMed
    1. Fredriksson T, Faergemann J. Comparative study of the therapeutic effect of bifonazole and econazole in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Proceedings of the International Antifungal Symposium: Bifonazole 1982. 1983:120‐5.
Friedman 1997 {published data only}
    1. Friedman‐Birnbaum R, Cohen A, Shemer A, Bitterman O, Bergman R, Stettendorf S. Treatment of onychomycosis: a randomised double blind comparison study with topical bifonazole‐urea ointment alone and in combination with short duration oral griseofulvin. International Journal of Dermatology 1997;36(1):67‐69. - PubMed
Fulton 1975 {published data only}
    1. Fulton JEJ. Miconazole therapy for endemic fungal disease. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:596‐8. - PubMed
Galimberti 1984 {published data only}
    1. Galimberti RL, Belli L, Negroni R, Castro JM, Rohwedder R, Tuculet MA. Prophylaxis of tinea pedis interdigitalis with bifonazole 1% powder. Dermatologica 1984;169(suppl 1):111‐6. - PubMed
Gip 1983 {published data only}
    1. Gip L, Forsstrom S. A double‐blind parallel study of sulconazole nitrate 1% cream compared with miconazole nitrate 2% cream in dermatophytoses. Mykosen 1983;26:231‐41. - PubMed
Greer 1986 {published data only}
    1. Greer DL. Topical treatment for moccasin‐type tinea pedis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987;16:554‐8. - PubMed
Greer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Greer D, Jolly HW. Comparative trial of a two‐dosage schedule of ketoconazole 2% cream for the treatment of tinea pedis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1987;17:53‐6. - PubMed
Grigoriu 1983 {published data only}
    1. Grigoriou D, Grigoriou A. A double‐blind comparison of the efficacy, toleration and safety of tioconazole base 1% and econazole nitrate 1% creams in the treatment of patients with fungal infections of the skin or erythasma. Dermatologica 1983;166(suppl 1):8‐13. - PubMed
Grooten 1992 {published data only}
    1. Grooten A, Meijman FJ. The treatment of the dermatomycoses of toes, feet and inguinal region: comparative study on the efficacy of miconazole and Whitfield's ointment. Huisarts Wet 1992;35:26‐8.
Kashin 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kashin P, Ohyfferoen MC, Gibbs DL. A comparative study of once‐ versus twice‐daily treatment of superficial dermatophyte and yeast infections with tioconazole 1% cream. The Journal of international medical research 1985;13:85‐95. - PubMed
Katayama 1987 {published data only}
    1. Katayama H. The treatment of tinea with topically applied leukotriene B4. Prostaglandins 1987;34:797‐804. - PubMed
Kates 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kates SG, Myung KB, McGinley KJ, Leyden JJ. The antibacterial efficacy of econazole nitrate in interdigital toe web infections. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1990;22:583‐6. - PubMed
Katz 1972 {published data only}
    1. Katz R. Haloprogen therapy for dermatophyte infections. Archives of Dermatology 1972;106:837‐8. - PubMed
Koca 2001 {published data only}
    1. Koca R, Canturk T, Senturk N, Turanli AY. Comparison of combined clotrimazole and aluminium hydroxychloride with clotrimazole therapy in interdigital type tinea pedis. Ondokutz Mayis Universitesi Tip Dergisi 2001;18:192‐197.
Lassus 1983 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A, Forstrom S, Salo O. A double‐blind comparison of sulconazole nitrate 1% cream with clotrimazole 1% cream in the treatment of dermatophytoses. British Journal of Dermatology 1983;108:195‐8. - PubMed
Lassus 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A, Nolting KS, Savopoulos C. Comparison of ciclopiroxolamine 1% cream with ciclopirox 1%‐hydrocortisone acetate 1% cream in the treatment of inflamed superficial mycoses. Clinical Therapeutics 1988;10:594‐9. - PubMed
Lauharanta 1992 {published data only}
    1. Lauharanta J. Comparative efficacy and safety of almorolfine lacquer 2% versus 5% once weekly. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17((suppl 1 Sept)):41‐43. - PubMed
Lebwohl 2001 {published data only}
    1. Lebwohl M, Elewski B, Eisen D, Savin RC. Efficacy and safety of terbinafine 1% solution in the treatment of interdigital tinea pedis and tinea corporis or tinea cruris. Cutis 2001;67(3):261‐6. - PubMed
Lestienne 1982 {published data only}
    1. Lestienne MC, Chemali R, Tennstedt D, Vanaele R, Lachapelle JM, Lapiere CM. Double‐blind comparison of econazole spray powder and placebo as therapy and prophylaxis of athlete's foot. Mykosen 1982;25:335‐40. - PubMed
Li 2001 {published data only}
    1. Li Q, Li M, Qin L‐M, Gu J, Liu WD, Guo ZL. Clinical efficacy of compound econazole cream in the treatment of tinea corporis, tinea inguinalis, and tinea manus, tinea pedis and its safety. Parmaceutical care and research (Yaoxue fuwu yu yanjiu) 2001;4(1):52‐4.
Lison 1985 {published data only}
    1. Lison EM, Pearson BG, Goodfellow RC. Athlete's foot: a step forward. Occupational Health 1985;37:66‐70. - PubMed
Lynfield 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lynfield YL, Littman ML, Feingold LE. Treatment of tinea pedis with micronized griseofulvin and tolnaftate. Cutis 1974;13:460‐2.
Maibach 1978 {published data only}
    1. Maibach HI. Iodochlorhydroxyquin‐hydrocortisone treatment of fungal infections. Archives of Dermatology 1978;114:1773‐5. - PubMed
McVie 1986 {published data only}
    1. McVie DH, Littlewood S, Alle BR, Pollock AC, Wood P, Milne LJR. Sulconazole versus clotrimazole in the treatment of dermatophytosis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1986;11:613‐8. - PubMed
Meinicke 1985 {published data only}
    1. Meinicke K, Streigel C, Weidinger G. Treatment of dermatomycoses with naftifine: therapeutic efficacy on application once daily and twice daily. Mykosen 1987;30:98‐103. - PubMed
Mertens 1976 {published data only}
    1. Mertens RLJ, Morias J, Verhanmme G. A double‐blind study comparing Daktacort, miconazole and hydrocortisone in inflammatory skin infections. Dermatologica 1976;153:228‐35. - PubMed
Nolting 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nolting S, Semig G, Fredrich HK, Dietz M, Reckers‐Czaschka R, Bergstraesser M, et al. Double‐blind comparison of amorolfine and bifonazole in the treatment of dermatomycoses. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1992;17(suppl 1):56‐60. - PubMed
Nolting 1993 {published data only}
    1. Nolting S, Reinel D, Semig G, Reckers‐Czaschka R, Bergstraesser M. Amorolfine spray in the treatment of foot mycoses (dose finding study). British Journal of Dermatology 1993;129:170‐4. - PubMed
Ortiz 1978 {published data only}
    1. Ortiz LG, PapaPR. Topical miconazole nitrate therapy in tinea pedis and tinea versicolor. Clinical Therapeutics 1978;1:444‐50.
Oyeka 1991 {published data only}
    1. Oyeka CA, Gugnani HC. Isoconazole nitrate versus clotrimazole in foot and nail infections due to hendersonula toruloidea, scytalidium hyalinum and dermatophytes. Mycoses 1992;35:357‐61. - PubMed
Pariser 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pariser DM, Pariser RJ. Oxiconazole nitrate lotion 1% ‐‐ an effective treatment for tinea pedis. Cutis 1994;54:43‐4. - PubMed
Patel 1999 {published data only}
    1. Patel A, Brookman SD, Bullen MU, Marley J, Ellis DH, Williams T, Barnetson RS. Topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis: terbinafine compared with clotrimazole. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 1999;40(4):197‐200. - PubMed
Privat 1982 {published data only}
    1. Privat Y, Konopka CA. A comparative controlled clinical trial of bifonazole vs econazole in superficial mycoses. In: Urabe H, editor. Proceedings of the International Antifungal Symposium: Bifonazole 1982. 1982:136‐40.
Qadripur 1984 {published data only}
    1. Qadripur SA. Double‐blind parallel comparison of sulconazole nitrate 1% cream and powder with econazole 1% cream and powder in the treatment of cutaneous dermophytoses. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1984;35:753‐8.
Reinel 1992 {published data only}
    1. Reinel D. Topical treatment of onychomycosis with Almorolfine 5% nail laquer: comparative efficacy and tolerability of once weekly use. Dermatology 1992;184:21‐24. - PubMed
Reinel 1992a {published data only}
    1. Reinel D, Clark C. Comparative efficacy and safety of amorolfine nail laquer 5% in onychomycosis.. Clinical and experimental dermatology 1992;17 (suppl):44‐49. - PubMed
Ruping 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ruping KH, Haas PJ. Treatment of onychomycosis ‐ bifonazole nail set in comparison with urea. Zeitschritfur Artzliche Fortbildung 1993;87 (5):425‐429. - PubMed
Saple 2001 {published data only}
    1. Saple DG, Amar AKJ, Ravichandran G, Korde KM, Desai A. Efficacy and safety of butenafine in superficial dermatophytosis. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2001;99(5):274‐5. - PubMed
Shellow 1982 {published data only}
    1. Shellow WVR. 2% miconazole nitrate powder in aerosol spray form: its efficacy in treating tinea pedis. The Journal of international medical research 1982;10:28‐31. - PubMed
Smith 1974 {published data only}
    1. Smith E, David LM, Knox JM. Topical clotrimazole in dermatophytosis in a prison environment. Post Graduate Medical Journal 1974;50(suppl 1):64‐6. - PubMed
Smith 1977b {published data only}
    1. Smith E, Powell RF, Graham JL, Ulrich JA. Topical undecylenic acid in tinea pedis: a new look. International Journal of Dermatology 1977;16:52‐6. - PubMed
Stettendorf 1983 {published data only}
    1. Stettendorf S. Tolerability and efficacy of bifonazole in dermatomycoses.. Arzneimittel Forschung 1983;33:750‐4. - PubMed
Suschka 2001 {published data only}
    1. Suschka S, Fladung B, Merk HF. Clinical comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of once daily canesten with twice daily Nizoral (Clotrimazole 1% cream vs Ketoconazole 2% cream) during a 28 day topical treatment of interdigital tinea pedis. Mycoses 2001;45:91‐6. - PubMed
Tanenbaum 1982 {published data only}
    1. Tanenbaum L, Anderson C, Rosenberg MJ, Howard W, McDaniel W, Neimanis A, Ryan ME, Perez R. Sulconazole nitrate 1% cream. A comparison with miconazole in the treatemnt of tinea pedis and tinea cruris corporis. Therapeutics for the Clinician 1982;30:105‐7. - PubMed
Tanenbaum 1983 {published data only}
    1. Tanenbaum L, Anderson C, Rosenberg M, Dorr A. A new treatment for cutaneous candidiasis ‐‐ sulconazole nitrate cream 1%. International Journal of Dermatology 1983;22:318‐20. - PubMed
Tanuma 2001 {published data only}
    1. Tanuma H, Tanuma M, Abe M, Kume H. Usefulness of lanoconazole (Astat) cream in the treatment of hyperkeratotic type tinea pedis. Comparative study of monotherapy and combination therapy with 10% urea ointment (Pastaron) [Stellenwert von Lanoconazol (Astat®) ‐ Creme bei der Behandlung der hyperkeratotischen Form der Tinea pedis: Vergleichende Studie über Monotherapie und Kombinationstherapie mit 10% Harnstoffsalbe (Pastaron®)]. Mycoses 2001;44(5):181‐190. - PubMed
Terragni 1993 {published data only}
    1. Terragni l, Caputo R. Efficacy and tolerability of of kevis nails associated with antimycotic product in the treatment of onychomycosis. G‐Ital ‐ Dermatol‐Venereologica 1993;128(4):XLI‐XLIII.
Thomas 1976 {published data only}
    1. Thomas DJ. A study in industry of clotrimazole cream in tinea pedis and tinea cruris. Curr Med Res 1976;3:630‐3.
Thomas 1986 {published data only}
    1. Thomas DJ, Evans A. A study in Industry of Bifonazole (1%gel) and sulconazole cream in tinea pedis and tinea cruris. In: Hay R editor(s). Advances in Topical Antifungal Therapy. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1986:68‐75.
Tschen 1979 {published data only}
    1. Tschen EH, Becker LE, Ulrich JA, Hoge WH, Smith EB. Comparison of over the counter agents for tinea pedis. Cutis 1979;23:696‐8. - PubMed
Tsuboi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Tsuboi R, Matsumoto T, Ogawa H, et al. Hyperkeratotic chronic tinea pedis treated with neticonazole cream. Int J Dermatol 1996;35:371‐3. - PubMed
Weil 1996 {published data only}
    1. Weil M, Elewski B. Topical econazole versus terbinafine in the treatment of toe web space infections: a comparison. Advances in Therapy 1996;13:355‐64.
Zaug 1995 {published data only}
    1. Zaug M. Amorolfine nail lacquer: clinical experiance in onychomycosis. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology and venereology 1995;4(1):S23‐30.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Herrera‐Arellano {published data only}
    1. Herrera‐Arellano A, Rodriguez‐Soberanes A, Angeles Martinez Riviera M, Martinez Cruz E, Zamilpa A, Alvarez L, Tortoriello J. Effectiveness and tolerability of a standard phytodrugderived from solanum chrysitrichum on tinea pedis: a randomised clinical trial. Planta medica 2003;69(5):390‐5. - PubMed
Sugiura {published data only}
    1. Sugiura M, Hata Y, Fukuda T, Ishizaki S, Hanyaku H, Naka W, Harada T, Nishikawa T. One‐week application of terbinafine cream compared with four‐week application in treatment of tinea pedis. Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology 2001;42(4):223‐228. - PubMed

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Beaven & Brooks 1994
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