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.2007 Mar 20;104(12):5246-51.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0608181104. Epub 2007 Mar 13.

Compatibility of basic social perceptions determines perceived attractiveness

Affiliations

Compatibility of basic social perceptions determines perceived attractiveness

Kerri L Johnson et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

The human body's shape and motion afford social judgments. The body's shape, specifically the waist-to-hip ratio, has been related to perceived attractiveness. Early reports interpreted this effect to be evidence for adaptation, a theory known generally as the waist-to-hip ratio hypothesis. Many of the predictions derived from this perspective have been empirically disconfirmed, leaving the issue of natural selection unresolved. Knowing the cognitive mechanisms undergirding the relationship between judgments of attractiveness and body cues is essential to understanding its evolution. Here we show that perceived attractiveness covaries with body shape and motion because they cospecify social percepts that are either compatible or incompatible. The body's shape and motion provoke basic social perceptions, biological sex and gender (i.e., masculinity/femininity), respectively. The compatibility of these basic percepts predicts perceived attractiveness. We report evidence for the importance of cue compatibility in five studies that used diverse stimuli (animations, static line-drawings, and dynamic line-drawings). Our results demonstrate how a proximal cognitive mechanism, itself likely the product of selection pressures, helps to reconcile previous contradictory findings.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Schematic overview of studies 1–5 including sample stimuli, a description of the variables, and a summary of the judgments provided by participants. ∗, For participants in study 3, the purported sex of the walkers was prespecified to some participants and judged by other participants.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Hip and shoulder motion specification for stimuli used in studies 1–3. Parallelograms represent the range of motion for one complete walk cycle. Units shown on the left and along the bottom show the relative hip and shoulder motion, and units shown on the right and along the top show precise keyframe modifications in Poser units. For both shoulder and hip motion, “Twist” refers to the degree of rotation about the figure's spine, “Side-to-Side” refers to the degree of rotation about the navel, and “Shift” refers to lateral left/right displacement of the body.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
Effects of perceived sex and gender on perceived attractiveness for frontal-view and rear-view animated walkers in studies 1 and 2. Lines depict partial regression plots (perceived women, blue; perceived men, red; frontal view, solid lines; rear view, dashed lines). Blue squares and red circles depict mean attractiveness of perceived women and men, respectively; bins = 10 units. One-sided error bars depict 95% confidence intervals. Black boxes depict mean attractiveness for each WHR.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Effects of perceived sex and gender on perceived attractiveness in study 3. Lines depict partial regression plots (perceived women, blue; perceived men, red; sex specified, solid lines; sex judged, dashed lines). Blue squares and red circles depict mean attractiveness of perceived women and men, respectively; bins = 10 units. One-sided error bars depict 95% confidence intervals.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Effects of perceived sex and gender on perceived attractiveness for line-drawn women in study 4. The line depicts a partial regression plot. Blue squares depict mean attractiveness; bins = 10 units. One-sided error bars depict 95% confidence intervals. Black boxes depict mean attractiveness for each WHR.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Effects of perceived sex and gender on perceived attractiveness for human walkers in study 5. Lines depict partial regression plots (perceived women, blue; perceived men, red). Blue squares and red circles depict mean attractiveness of perceived women and men, respectively; bins = 10 units. One-sided error bars depict 95% confidence intervals.
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