doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0473.
Assembly of the eastern North American herpetofauna: new evidence from lizards and frogs
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- PMID:17148411
- PMCID: PMC1686176
- DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0473
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Assembly of the eastern North American herpetofauna: new evidence from lizards and frogs
J Robert Macey et al. Biol Lett..
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Abstract
Darwin first recognized the importance of episodic intercontinental dispersal in the establishment of worldwide biotic diversity. Faunal exchange across the Bering Land Bridge is a major example of such dispersal. Here, we demonstrate with mitochondrial DNA evidence that three independent dispersal events from Asia to North America are the source for almost all lizard taxa found in continental eastern North America. Two other dispersal events across Beringia account for observed diversity among North American ranid frogs, one of the most species-rich groups of frogs in eastern North America. The contribution of faunal elements from Asia via dispersal across Beringia is a dominant theme in the historical assembly of the eastern North American herpetofauna.
Figures
Phylogenetic relationships among (a) scincid lizards and (b) ranid frogs. Bars indicate taxa occurring in North America (NA); all other taxa are from Asia, Europe and Africa (see text). Bootstrap values are shown to the left of the branches, and decay indices to the right. The twoR. muscosa samples represent the two major clades (Maceyet al. 2001). (a) The strict consensus of three equally parsimonious trees with a length of 5788 steps resulting from analysis of 1832 positions (949 informative) from thenad1–cox1 mtDNA region. (b) The single most parsimonious tree with a length of 5320 steps resulting from analysis of 2065 positions (951 informative) from thenad1–cox1 mtDNA region.
Dispersal of lizards and frogs into continental North America. Eleven of the 14 species of lizards found in eastern North America are derived from three dispersal events from Asia: (1)Eumeces, (2)Scincella and (3)Ophisaurus. Three independent dispersal events from the neotropics explain distributions of three additional taxa: (4)Sceloporus, (5)Cnemidophorus and (6) a West Indian lineage ofAnolis. Two dispersal events across Beringia explain the occurrence of ranid frogs in North America. In one hypothesis, both lineages of North American ranids independently dispersed from Asia to (1) eastern and (2) western North America, respectively. Alternatively, there may have been (1) a single dispersal event from Asia to North America, then following divergence of eastern and western North American taxa (2) a subsequent dispersal back to Asia (see text).
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