doi: 10.1073/pnas.0604335103. Epub 2006 Aug 7.
Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication
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- PMID:16894156
- PMCID: PMC1567861
- DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604335103
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Eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication
Bruce D Smith. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..
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Abstract
The status of eastern North America as an independent center of plant domestication has recently been called into question by a number of genetic and archaeological studies, which suggest that the region may not have witnessed the independent domestication of local crop plants, but rather may have been on the receiving end of domesticated crop plants introduced from Mexico. Here, I provide a synthesis of the currently available archaeological and genetic evidence from both eastern North America and Mexico regarding the spatial and temporal context of initial domestication of the four plant species identified as potential eastern North American domesticates: marshelder (Iva annua), chenopod (Chenopodium berlandieri), squash (Cucurbita pepo), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Genetic and archaeological evidence provides strong support for the independent domestication of all four of these plant species in the eastern United States and reconfirms the region as one of the world's independent centers of domestication.
Conflict of interest statement
Conflict of interest statement: No conflicts declared.
Figures
Currently recognized independent centers of plant and animal domestication.
Location of archaeological sites discussed in the text and the present-day geographical range of the three wildCucurbita gourds identified as potential progenitors ofpepo squash (Cucurbita pepo ssp.ovifera).
Comparison of an archaeological sunflower achene from eastern North America with the San Andrés specimen. (Left) Scanning electron micrograph of a sunflower achene from Cloudsplitter Rockshelter in eastern Kentucky, exhibiting distinctive parallel longitudinal strands or bundles of sclerenchyma fibers (achene length, 9.2 mm). (Right) San Andrés achene (achene length, 8.2 mm). (Photograph of San Andrés achene courtesy of David Lentz, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL.)
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