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.2006 Feb;97(2):165-76.
doi: 10.1093/aob/mcj025. Epub 2005 Nov 28.

The cucurbit images (1515-1518) of the Villa Farnesina, Rome

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The cucurbit images (1515-1518) of the Villa Farnesina, Rome

Jules Janick et al. Ann Bot.2006 Feb.

Abstract

Background: The gorgeous frescoes organized by the master Renaissance painter Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) and illustrating the heavenly adventures of Cupid and Psyche were painted between 1515 and 1518 to decorate the Roman villa (now known as the Villa Farnesina) of the wealthy Sienese banker Agostino Chigi (1466-1520). Surrounding these paintings are festoons of fruits, vegetables and flowers painted by Giovanni Martini da Udine (1487-1564), which include over 170 species of plants. A deconstruction and collation of the cucurbit images in the festoons makes it possible to evaluate the genetic diversity of cucurbits in Renaissance Italy 500 years ago.

Findings: The festoons contain six species of Old World cucurbits, Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucumis melo (melon), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Ecballium elaterium (squirting cucumber), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) and Momordica balsamina (balsam apple), and two or three species of New World cucurbits, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo and, perhaps, C. moschata (pumpkin, squash, gourd). The images of C. maxima are the first illustrations of this species in Europe.

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Figures

F<sc>ig</sc>. 1.
Fig. 1.
Loggia of Cupid and Psyche in the Villa Farnesina, Rome.
F<sc>ig</sc>. 2.
Fig. 2.
Citrullus lanatus (watermelon). Image E was identified asCucumis melo var.inodorus by Caneva (1992b).
F<sc>ig</sc>. 3.
Fig. 3.
Cucumis melo (melon): (A–K) Cantalupensis group; (L–N) Reticulatus group; (O and P) Flexuosus group. Note that (A)–(C) resemble ‘Cantalun’; (D)–(H) resemble ‘De Bellegarde’; (I) resembles ‘Noir des Carmes’; and (J) and (K) resemble ‘Black Rock’, both identified asCucurbita maxima by Caneva (1992b).
F<sc>ig</sc>. 4.
Fig. 4.
Cucumis sativus (cucumber).
F<sc>ig</sc>. 5.
Fig. 5.
Ecballium elaterium (squirting cucumber).
F<sc>ig</sc>. 6.
Fig. 6.
Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd): (A) bottle-shaped, large and small; (B–H) large; (I–K) small; (L–DD) elongate = ‘cocuzzi’.
F<sc>ig</sc>. 7.
Fig. 7.
Momordica balsamina (balsam apple).
F<sc>ig</sc>. 8.
Fig. 8.
Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin): (A and B) orange show pumpkin; (C) grey pumpkin; (D–G) white show pumpkin. Caneva (1992b) classified (A) and (B) asCucurbita moschata, (C) asCitrullus colocynthis and (D)–(G) asCucumis melo var.inodorus.
F<sc>ig</sc>. 9.
Fig. 9.
Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin, gourd): (A and B) pumpkin group; (C–H) oviform and pyriform gourds. Caneva (1992b) classified (A) asCucurbita maxima and (B)–(H) asC. pepo.
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References

    1. Andres TC. 1987. Cucurbita fraterna, the closest wild relative and progenitor of C. pepo. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 10: 69–71.
    1. Bauhin J. 1651. Historia plantarum universalis, Vol. 2. Yverdon: Graffenried, 218–232.
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