Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

HighWire full text link HighWire Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

.2005 Oct;15(10):1402-10.
doi: 10.1101/gr.3935405.

The function and expansion of the Patched- and Hedgehog-related homologs in C. elegans

Affiliations

The function and expansion of the Patched- and Hedgehog-related homologs in C. elegans

Olivier Zugasti et al. Genome Res.2005 Oct.

Abstract

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway promotes pattern formation and cell proliferation in Drosophila and vertebrates. Hh is a ligand that binds and represses the Patched (Ptc) receptor and thereby releases the latent activity of the multipass membrane protein Smoothened (Smo), which is essential for transducing the Hh signal. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Hh signaling pathway has undergone considerable divergence. Surprisingly, obvious Smo and Hh homologs are absent whereas PTC, PTC-related (PTR), and a large family of nematode Hh-related (Hh-r) proteins are present. We find that the number of PTC-related and Hh-r proteins has expanded in C. elegans, and that this expansion occurred early in Nematoda. Moreover, the function of these proteins appears to be conserved in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Given our present understanding of the Hh signaling pathway, the absence of Hh and Smo raises many questions about the evolution and the function of the PTC, PTR, and Hh-r proteins in C. elegans. To gain insights into their roles, we performed a global survey of the phenotypes produced by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi). Our study reveals that these genes do not require Smo for activity and that they function in multiple aspects of C. elegans development, including molting, cytokinesis, growth, and pattern formation. Moreover, a subset of the PTC, PTR, and Hh-r proteins have the same RNAi phenotypes, indicating that they have the potential to participate in the same processes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Molting defects (Mlt) associated withptr(RNAi). (A–C) Examples of Mlt defects (arrowheads) associated withptr-5, ptr-4, andptr-21(RNAi), respectively. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Theptr genes are partially redundant. All 35 double and triple combinations ofptr-1, -6, -10, -16, -20, and-21 were subjected to RNAi inrrf-3; however, only the single disruptions and those combinations showing synergistic phenotypic enhancement are shown. Gray bar indicates Mlt animals; black bar, dead animals.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Disruption ofptc andptr genes by RNAi leads to growth and developmental defects. (A)Aptr-4(RNAi) adult hermaphrodite (bottom) is 30% shorter than is a similarly staged wild-type hermaphrodite (top). (B) An everted vulva in aptr-11(RNAi) animal. (C)ptr-1(RNAi) animals accumulate fluid-filled vacuoles in the hypodermis. (D) Blisters caused byptr-3(RNAi). (E) Summary of phenotypes produced by RNAi, not including molting. All theptc andptr genes were examined; however, only those showing RNAi phenotypes are displayed. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Elimination ofptr orhh-r gene activity by RNAi causes defects in adult alae formation. (A) Wild-type alae in N2. (B–D) Defective alae produced by RNAi ofptr orhh-r gene members. (B) Discontinuous alae (arrowheads). (C) Bifurcated alae. (D) Multiply branched alae. (C, D) Multiple alae composed of four instead of three cuticle ridges. (E) Summary of alae defects after RNAi ofptr orhh-r genes. All genes displayed in Tables 1 and 2 were examined; however, only those showing phenotypes are displayed. Scale bar, 10 μm.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
ptr-4(RNAi) disrupts endocytosis. (A–C) A YP170::GFP reporter is expressed in the intestine and endocytosed by the proximal-most oocyte (arrowheads) in wild-type hermaphrodites, as visualized by GFP fluorescence inC. (D–F)ptr-4(RNAi) hermaphrodites inefficiently localize YP170::GFP to oocytes (arrowheads). PanelsA, B, D, andE are Nomarski DIC micrographs; panelsC, F show YP170::GFP fluorescence. Scale bar, 50 μm.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Sterol sensing domain (SSD) proteins and their phylogeny. Full-length SSD proteins can be clustered into seven major families by Clustal W: HMG-CoAr, SCP, 7-DHCR, Disp, NPC, PTC, and PTR (Thompson et al. 1997, Kuwabara et al. 2000). Sequence prefix denotes species:C. elegans (Ce),D. melanogaster (Dm),M. musculus (Mm), andH. sapiens (Hs). GenBank accession numbers are available in the Methods section.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Adams, M.D., Celnicker, S.E., Holt, R.A., Evans, C.A., Gocayne, J.D., Amanatides, P.G., Scherer, S.E., Li, P.W., Hoskins, R.A., Galle, R.F., et al. 2000. The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287: 2185-2195. - PubMed
    1. Aguinaldo, A.M., Turbeville, J.M., Linford, L.S., Rivera, M.C., Garey, J.R., Raff, R.A., and Lake, J.A. 1997. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature 387: 489-493. - PubMed
    1. Altschul, S.F. Madden, T.L., Schaffer, A.A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., and Lipman, D.J. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Aspöck, G., Kagoshima, H., Niklaus, G., and Bürglin, T.R. 1999. Caenorhabditis elegans has scores of hedgehog-related genes: Sequence and expression analysis. Genome Res. 9: 909-923. - PubMed
    1. Blaxter, M.L., De Lay, P., Garey, J.R., Lin, L.X., Schedelman, P., Vierstraete, A., Vanfleteren, J.R., Mackley, L.Y., Dorris, M., Frisse, L.M., et al. 1998. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature 392: 71-75. - PubMed

WEB SITE REFERENCES

    1. ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ClustalX/; ClustalX.
    1. http://elegans.bcgsc.bc.ca; C. elegans expression project.
    1. http://elegans.bcgsc.bc.ca/perl/sage; C. elegans SAGE project.
    1. http://nematode.lab.nig.ac.jp; Nematode Expression Pattern Database (NEXTDB).
    1. http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html; TreeView.

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
HighWire full text link HighWire Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp