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.2005 Sep 6;102(36):12801-6.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505447102. Epub 2005 Aug 26.

Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea

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Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea

Allison Miller et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

Contemporary patterns of genetic variation in crops reflect historical processes associated with domestication, such as the geographic origin(s) of cultivated populations. Although significant progress has been made in identifying several global centers of domestication, few studies have addressed the issue of multiple origins of cultivated plant populations from different geographic regions within a domestication center. This study investigates the domestication history of jocote (Spondias purpurea), a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree. Sequences of the chloroplast spacer trnG-trnS were obtained for cultivated and wild S. purpurea trees, two sympatric taxa (Spondias mombin var. mombin and Spondias radlkoferi), and two outgroups (S. mombin var. globosa and Spondias testudinus). A phylogeographic approach was used and statistically significant associations of clades and geographical location were tested with a nested clade analysis. The sequences confirm that wild populations of S. purpurea are the likely progenitors of cultivated jocote trees. This study provides phylogeographic evidence of multiple domestications of this Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree. Haplotypes detected in S. purpurea trees form two clusters, each of which includes alleles recovered in both cultivated and wild populations from distinct geographic regions. Cultivated S. purpurea populations have fewer unique trnG-trnS alleles than wild populations; however, five haplotypes were absent in the wild. The presence of unique alleles in cultivation may reflect contemporary extinction of the tropical dry forests of Mesoamerica. These data indicate that some agricultural habitats may be functioning as reservoirs of genetic variation in S. purpurea.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
The Mesoamerican Center of Domestication.Spondias samples were collected in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Relationships amongtrnG–trnS alleles recovered inSpondias trees. (A) Haplotype network depicting mutational relationships among 30trnG–trnS alleles found inS. purpurea (squares),S. mombin var.mombin (diamonds),S. mombin var.globosa (hexagons),S. radlkoferi (circles), andS. testudinus (stars). The 13 haplotypes found in group 1 were carried exclusively byS. mombin,S. radlkoferi, andS. testudinus trees from Central and South America: none of the ≥100S. purpurea phenotypes surveyed carried any of the alleles of group 1. All individuals identified as either wild or cultivatedS. purpurea carried one of the 17 haplotypes included in group 2. Group 2 alleles AA, R, and AC were recovered inS. mombin var.mombin trees in Central America as well. Allele Z was found in anS. radlkoferi tree. (B) One of two most parsimonious haplotype networks depicting mutational relationships amongtrnG–trnS alleles recovered inS. purpurea populations (group 2 alleles). The size of the box reflects the number of individuals that carried that haplotype. One gap was mapped on the tree twice, this is indicated with an asterisk.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
trnG–trnS alleles found in wild and cultivated (including backyard trees, living fences, and orchard trees)S. purpurea. Alleles were more numerous and more evenly distributed in wild samples as compared with cultivated samples, of which 71% carried haplotype AC. Twelve alleles were found in wild populations, and nine alleles were recovered in cultivated trees. Eight alleles were detected exclusively in wild populations, and five alleles were found only in cultivated populations. Four alleles were found in both cultivated and wild populations (AC, R, V, and Z).
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.
Geographic distribution oftrnG–trnS alleles in cultivated and wildS. purpurea populations. (A) Distribution oftrnG–trnS alleles in wild populations. Alleles found in wild populations fall in two groups: southern Mexico and Central America (long dashes) and western central Mexico (short dashes). Alleles boxed with long dashes (AA, AB, R, X, V, Y, and Z) were found in wild populations from southern Mexico to Panama. Alleles boxed with the short dashes (T, O, P, AC, and AF) were found in wild populations in western central Mexico. Allele AC (boxed with small dots on the network) was found in wild populations throughout Mesoamerica as well. Alleles boxed in gray were not recovered in any wild populations. (B) Distribution oftrnG–trnS alleles in cultivated populations. Alleles found in wild populations from southern Mexico to Panama (boxed in long dashes) were recovered in cultivated populations in the same region. Allele AC, which was most closely related to alleles found exclusively in wild populations of western central Mexico, was distributed in cultivated populations throughout Mesoamerica. Alleles boxed in gray were not recovered in any cultivated populations. (C) Nested clade analysis oftrnG–trnS alleles found inS. purpurea trees. Individual alleles (0-step clades) were grouped into 1-step, 2-step, and 3-step clades. A nested contingency analysis rejected the null hypothesis (no association between genealogy and geographic locality) for four clades: 1-6, 2-3, 3-1, and 3-2.
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References

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